Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 39

Business - Essay Example It additionally takes note of how changes all through the undertaking will be made and effected1. Aâ four year money related undertaking has net incomes of $20,000; $25,000; $30,000; and $50,000 in the following four years; it will cost $75,000 to actualize the venture. On the off chance that the necessary pace of return is 0.2, lead a limited income count to decide the NPV In the event that the figurings depend on the numeric model, at that point Ms. Portillo can audit her minutes and make a correlation with the genuine figures of the monetary period to learn everything. After which she can counter check the computations again after re-rushing to affirm the expectation exactness of the model. Guarantee a uniform strategy model is utilized by all the supervisors notwithstanding learning on the most proficient method to actualize them. She ought to likewise give examining to guarantee the figures are right. Furthermore, she ought to likewise target decreasing the odds of blunders from happening by empowering arbitrary examining of the choices that are

Economics System of France-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: You are to make a short introduction to the class portraying the financial arrangement of your nation of decision. Answer: France Today, France I one of the most created and current economies of the world. Critical, French is the national language of the nation. Then again, a lion's share of the French individuals are Roman Catholic Christians. Be that as it may, just a minority of this populace effectively partake in strict exercises, with adore generally predominant among the working class. During the 1800s, France was the most crowded country in Europe. Starting at now, the number of inhabitants in the nation is evaluated at 65, 096,103 (Worldometers, 2017). These days, individuals partner the French culture with Paris, which is the focal point of design, craftsmanship, food and style. By and large, the nation is a pioneer and one of the major monetary forces positioning along countries, for example, the US, Germany, Italy and Japan. Responsibility for It is imperative to call attention to that France, as an advanced economy is ruled by private responsibility for and capital. All things being equal, the state government keeps up responsibility for assets in the nation. The legislature guarantees the safe authorization of property rights and agreements. There is likewise a solid insurance of protected innovation rights in the nation. Methods for Coordination Distinctively, exchange is a significant perspective in the French economy. At present, the countrys official money is the French franc. Today, this money is one of the most grounded on the planet. In spite of the fact that the cash is the principle medium, the country has seen the reappearance of the trade framework in the course of recent years. Accordingly, another deal framework has been imagined to encourage the trading of administrations between individuals without the utilizing cash. For the most part, this is encouraged by the utilization f the deal card for business to business exchanges (Barter News Weekly, 2017). The degree of rivalry inside the nation is commonly high. For some time now, the country has been portrayed by an expansion in the quantity of firms inside different ventures and parts. Critical, the administration mediates in the business sectors by guideline the level and type of rivalry through rivalry approaches. Monetary Facts and Figures As noted before, France has a very much evolved economy. Therefore, it encounters generally significant levels of monetary development. For example, the economy developed by 0.5 percent between the July and September quarter of 2017. All things considered, the GDP development rate is assessed at 0.78 percent from 1949 until 2017 (Trading Economics, 2017). Then again, the degree of expansion in the nation has been commonly high. In the period somewhere in the range of 1958 and 2017, the normal degree of expansion is 1.45 percent (Trading Economics, 2017). Likewise, purchaser costs expanded by 1.2 percent year on year as at November (Trading Economics). All in all, the pace of joblessness in the nation is high. In particular, the degree of joblessness was assessed as 9.5 percent in the September quarter of 2017 (Trading Economics, 2017). By and large, in the period somewhere in the range of 1996 and 2017, the pace of joblessness is 9.28 percent (Trading Economics, 2017). In any case, the French economy encounters elevated level of monetary turn of events. Contrasted with different countries, the destitution file in the nation is low. The level of independence and innovative improvement is additionally high. Directly, the main businesses in the nation incorporate the broadcast communications, transport building, aviation and protection, synthetics, and pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, its the main nation in atomic vitality with firms developing in the business. Therefore, the fundamental fare items from France incorporate oil, vehicle and vehicles, planes and helicopters, and bundled medicaments among others (GASME, 2017). All things considered, all components considered the economy of France is vigorous with extraordinary possibilities for development. Today, the country appreciates significant level of development and improvement. Reference List Bargain card dispatches in France (2017). Bargain News Weekly. Recovered on 18 December 2017, from https://www.worldometers.info/total populace/france-populace/ France GDP Growth Rate (2017). Exchanging Economics. Recovered on 18 December 2017, from https://tradingeconomics.com/france/gross domestic product development. France Inflation Rate (2017). Exchanging Economics. Recovered on 18 December 2017, from https://tradingeconomics.com/france/expansion cpi France Population (LIVE) (2017). Worldometers. Recovered on 18 December 2017, from https://www.worldometers.info/total populace/france-populace/ France Unemployment Rate (2017). Exchanging Economics. Recovered on 18 December 2017, from https://tradingeconomics.com/france/joblessness rate Frances Imports and Exports (2017). Worldwide Alliances of SMEs (GASME). Recovered on 18 December 2017, from https://www.globalsmes.org/news/index.php?func=detaildetailid=513catalog=24lan=en

What Are The Best Writing Services Online?

What Are The Best Writing Services Online?The writing services industry is worth billions of dollars each year and you can be assured that there are many people out there who are looking for the best one to provide these services. Writing is one of the easiest forms of advertising and it can reach a huge audience.Online marketing of any type of company or product is essential and this makes writing services the only way to go. No matter what niche you are targeting, the right writing service will help make sure that your article gets to the top of the search engines.There are numerous online marketing services that have made the climb to the top of the search engine rankings. This makes it easier for you to get your marketing message across and it also ensures that you have a better chance of making a sale online. It is for this reason that more companies are hiring these services instead of spending time and money trying to sell their products through traditional advertising methods .The writing is something that is easy to do and it requires very little time but it still takes good quality content. The best writers are those who know how to convey information in a way that readers can understand it without having to read a dictionary or try to figure out what they mean by it.The writing services are not like the local copywriting jobs as these are only created for internet use. These services work best on long-tail keywords, they are targeted at the exact needs of potential clients and they are a lot more specialized than ordinary online writing jobs.The writing services include the writing of articles for social media websites such as Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn and they even do translations if necessary. For those of you out there who have some skills but don't have an outlet for them, they have several job openings where you can apply for freelance work.The best writers online have more than enough experience to get started but they also understand that this isn't the time to hire a writer who has not been doing this kind of work for very long. Good writers should have been writing professionally for years and this experience will really pay off for you if you choose to hire a freelance writing service.These writers can work with you at no cost and they will write as many articles as you need written for you. They should always be ready to work with you on the price and you will find that the service is worthwhile when you take advantage of their talent.

Comparison Of Virgil s The Aeneid, The Iliad And Homer s...

The idea of destiny or fate is at the heart of most Greek and Roman myths, poems, and stories. It is the ultimate driving force in every person’s life. It is not focused only in a hero or god’s life. Every man, woman, child, and god is effected by destiny. This is an idea that Ancient Greeks and Romans clung to. The idea that no matter what an individual does there is no escaping their true destiny. Every twist and turn taken in life is predestined and the outcome will remain the same. The idea of being able to control one’s own fate is laughed at. This idea of a definite destiny is found in both Virgil’s â€Å"The Aeneid† and Homer’s â€Å"The Odyssey.† Both hero’s lives are shaped by their destiny and it forces them to make difficult decisions. In â€Å"The Odyssey† Homer presents us with an epic hero, Odysseus. A man who fought in the Trojan War and won. All he wants is to return home and be with his family. He was giv en a prophecy by the seer Tiresias, that determined his destiny, and it read: â€Å"’A sweet smooth journey home, renowned Odysseus, that is what you seek but a god will make it hard for you- I know- you will escape the one who shakes the earth, quaking with anger still, still enraged because you blinded the Cyclops, his dear son. Even so, you and your crew may still reach home suffering all the way†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Book 11 lines 111-118).† Odysseus’ goal was to reach home and return to his family, but fate had other plans. He would be derailed and prohibited from returning homeShow MoreRelatedAeneid Analysis789 Words   |  4 PagesAeneid By Virgil Written 19 B.C.E Translated by John Dryden Analysis Jazymn Talley SNHU Analysis The intention of Virgil s poem, Aeneid, is to romanticize the origins of the Roman Empire. Aeneid shares many characteristic to Grecian writer Homer s Epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey. Much of Roman culture is modeled after or inspired by the Greeks, especially the arts. Roman art, writings, religion, and celebrations were on the rise as they experienced a time of rest, enabling themRead MoreThe Aeneid By Publius Virgilius Maro1712 Words   |  7 PagesThe Aeneid was written by Publius Virgilius Maro, also referred to as Virgil. He was a Roman man born in northern Italy, in around 70 B.C.E. Virgil, who known for his poetry, especially his earliest work, wrote The Aeneid which was known as his greatest work. His gained his knowledge from studying Greek and Roman authors. Although Virgil studied both cultures his work was more so influenced by the Greek culture, his work was written with the use of common themes that Greek writers used for so manyRead MoreComparison of Homer an d Virgil’s Tragic Hero1908 Words   |  8 PagesComparison of Homer and Virgil’s Tragic Hero Homer, an ancient Greek epic poet, influenced many writers in the ancient Greek and Roman culture, particularly Virgil. Virgil, most famous for his epic poem The Aeneid demonstrates Homer’s influence through similar characters, mythology, and ideals. Homer in both his most famous works the Iliad and The Odyssey weaves poetry based on centuries worth of oral stories handed down and uses a sophisticated style of writing that is still recognized todayRead MoreEssay about Epic Conventions Applied in The Faerie Queene1711 Words   |  7 Pagesexistence of the national epic works, English writers feel the lack of epic writer figure such as Homer of Greeks, or Virgil of Latins in their literature and this obligates them to focus on writing in epic genre and this need causes them to complain about this absence more frequently. For instance, Edmund Spenser claims in one of his pastoral, The Shepheardes Calender, as if a poet wants to be master in poetry, s/he has to abandon writing the basic forms of poetry such as pastoral and has to write an epic

Safe Science Experiments for Kids

Essay on Heroes in Our daily Lives - 667 Words

Growing up as a child in America I did not have a hero. Although I was exposed through my own reading and television to many revered and â€Å"famous† people, I never aspired to be like any particular individual. I looked at people’s accomplishments and achievements, as remarkable as they might have been, as normal. I saw their feats as something that I myself can achieve if I made an effort. I remember my friend, Ben, always talking about Charles Barkley, a legendary basketball player. He would follow his every move on and off the court. All you had to do was walk into his room to and you would be able to tell the deep love he had for his hero. His wall was plastered with posters of Barkley and his desk was full of Barkley action figures. He†¦show more content†¦Society has an unrealistic definition of a hero. Heroes have long stood as ideals, as shining, perfect people seen on television or in the movies. The people that mourn the lack of heroes want us to ad mire people we have never met, on the basis of appearances and second hand information. In this regard, the concept of a hero is irrelevant. It forces us to regard a false idea and to respect a celebrity or leader because of what he seems to be. Every human has both good and bad qualities, and when we worship the good and ignore the bad we are in for a major disappointment. In my opinion the lack of these â€Å"heroes† marks the rise of human character not the decline. When the word â€Å"hero† is mentioned, the word â€Å"famous† comes to mind. Society has made a mistake by teaching us that to be worthy of the title of â€Å"hero,† a person must be famous. In reality we can’t make heroes from people that we don’t know personally. The fact that people don’t cherish the famous shows that they have grown out of the unimportant judgment of outer appearances and have developed insight and strength of character. These people don’t have to model themselves entirely after others. They have room for originality, independence and freedom of choice. Instead of seeking qualities in strangers, they build admirable qualities in themselves, in their personalities and their own dreams. Society doesn’t need people to emulate heroes; it needs the contributions of individuality. However, true heroesShow MoreRelatedBeowulf As A Hero910 Words   |  4 Pagescourageous acts or nobility of character†(â€Å"Hero†). A hero shows much more than honor and glory, they sacrifice their own life to selflessly help out the lives of others. By having heroes it gives us hope, wisdom, and justice throughout the nation. The three main types of heroes include an epic hero, superhero, and your own personal hero. These heroes show that it s more than the cape or armour they wear, they show the true meaning of a hero by defining sacrifice, loyalty, and determination. ThroughoutRead MoreEssay on The Epic Hero Archetype in Films, and Literature850 Words   |  4 Pagesforce, and Harry Potter magic, epic heroes continue in every form of today’s entertainment and storytelling. Every culture from the beginning has had their own tales of heroes accomplishing great feats that no one else could. An epic hero is an icon for everyone to relate to, they symbolize different lessons to learn. The epic hero archetype exists as a source of entertainment but also as a demonstrative tool. Their morals and actions are there to help shape our own actions in life. The archetypeRead MoreHeroes As A Hero Essay1563 Words   |  7 Pages In many occurrences, heroes are described as big, bold, and brightly dressed people who are a normal person by day and a hero by night. However, in reality heroes are around us in our everyday lives, but we fail to see the consummations of them. From the veteran you don’t notice in the grocery store, to the moms and dad s all around us who are involved in the upbringing of the current generation of kids. A hero is one who stood above all to achieve the greater good for all of mankind, and developedRead MoreWho Is The Word Hero?1366 Words   |  6 Pageshis act of dying on the cross to save people from sin and death. Is a hero defined by the number of sacrifices he has made to the benefit of the society? Why are only certain people heroes? We all know what a hero is, but how would you define a hero? Heroism is an attribute celebrated in varied ways. Evidently, heroes are all around us, from Jesus Christ to everyday people. However, what qualifies a person as a hero is listening for the call to adventure, accepting the challenge, and then, be willingRead MoreEssay on Comparison of Modern Day Heroes and Beowulf744 Words   |  3 PagesComparison of Modern Day Heroes and Beowulf Most of us have heard of modern day heroes such as Spiderman, Superman, and the Hulk. Each is a hero to many children. Heroes are introduced to people early on in life usually as fictional characters, but as children grow older their perceptions of heroes alter. The characteristics of a hero are usually based around the ideas of a society or culture. In the epic Beowulf, the main character is thought of as a hero. Beowulf, a pagan warrior and the mainRead MoreEssay on Hero831 Words   |  4 Pageswhat is right instead of what is popular. But each individuals definition of a hero is different and everyone, in a sense, could be someone else’s hero if they had the chance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The hero used to be the one in white. Now he is harder to spot.† Heroes are everywhere; it just takes a closer inspection to notice. Whether it be the mailman who is courteous to you when he brings you your mail, or a total stranger who risked his or her life to help you. There’s a story of a widowed woman with two youngRead MoreWhy We Love Tv Anti Heroes1374 Words   |  6 PagesDaniel Holland April 13, 2014 Why We Love TV’s Anti-Heroes Is it possible today’s generation gradually evolved into an era in which selfishness and evil overpowers good? Over the past years society perceives the idea of a hero differently than it was perceived in the 21st century, nevertheless impacts our society hugely. It is no surprise why youth of today enjoy T.V. shows that are driven by torture, killing, drugs and drama. In fact these are among the T.V. shows with higher ratings. HeroRead MoreFree Morning Reading Sessions I Came Across A List970 Words   |  4 PagesCourageous Ways To Live During one of my daily morning reading sessions I came across a list written by an anonymously author, The Rules For Being Human. Here are the top five rules that apply to living a bold life: The Rules For Being Human 1. You will receive a body. You can love it or hate it, however it is yours for your entire journey, so learn to embrace it. 2. Life is a full-time, never ending, 24/7 spontaneous school. Everyday brings new opportunities to learn lessons. Succeed and failureRead MoreThe Globalization Of Consumerism Within The United Kingdom, Germany, And China915 Words   |  4 Pagesbrands take advantage of this and advertise based off of it. Advertising plays a huge role in how consumers are attracted to the goods that they will eventually end up buying. They are everywhere we go, whether the ad is on a magazine, billboards, or on our phones. Whether or not we â€Å"fall for† their signs sorts us into two categories: a creative hero or a cultural dupe. Everyone is there own consumer, and we tend to fall into being a cultural dupe, or a creative hero as mentioned before. When a bottleRead MoreHero Worship1177 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Hero worship never died and never will† (Carlyle, 208).The dreams of becoming a superhero, the desire for success, and the worship of heroic figures are deeply rooted in our hearts. My feelings about heroes are always triggered by the most pervasive form of modern art—films. Every time I watch a heroic film, I feel deeply moved by the strong personalities of the hero. In different films, he can either be a cowboy riding a horse, a warrior who fights for the independence of a country, a policeman

Assessing the Impact of Performance Based Reward Systems on Employees

Question: Research Proposal on Assessing the Impact of Performance Based Reward Systems on Employees Motivation. Answer: Section 1 Introduction Employee motivation is vital for any business as it is directly linked with productivity and highly motivated employees enable the organization to achieve its long-term goals and objectives. Rewarding employees for their productivity has been the main method employed by business and industrial organizations to motivate its employees. Financial rewards are one of the easiest and most frequently used methods to manage employee performance (Shields et al., 2015). Employee motivation refers to the various factors or elements that influence employees to undertake or perform their work in a certain manner that is required by the management or the organization. It has been postulated by previous researchers that employee motivation can be of two types intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation is inherent in the employees and comes from within. These employees need little external output and such employees are more productive, enjoy their work and have greater job satisfaction, as they tend to enjoy their work. Although intrinsic motivation is more effective it is hard to facilitate (Cerasoli et al., 2014). Extrinsic motivation on the other hand, refers to external factors that influences or cause employees to act in a certain manner as desired by the organization. The management can facilitate these motivations by employing reward based or punishment based methods to motivate its employees. However, due to the adverse effect of punishment approach of motivation, the organization seldom employs it. In addition, performance based reward systems are vastly employed in organizations to motivate its employees. The best approach that an organization can adopt to motivate its employees is creating a work environment in which employees are motivated about their work and that involves both intrinsically satisfying and extrinsically encouraging factors (Cerasoli et al., 2014). The purpose of this report is to develop a research proposal to analyze the impact of performance based reward systems on employee motivation. The structure of the report is divided into three sections. The section 1 of this report covers the introduction of the research topic followed by the problem statement, research objectives and research questions. Further, in this section, justification for undertaking the research and expected outcomes that the report aims to achieve are also discussed. The section 2 of this research proposal aims at developing a conceptual framework as well as research hypothesis for the research. In addition, this part also covers the research methodology. Finally, section 3 of this report comprises of organization of study, Gantt chart and budget requirement that would be required to successfully execute the research proposal. Problem Statement Performance based reward systems are increasingly employed by many organizations to motivate its employees. This is achieved by linking performance with compensation. However, the effectiveness of this performance based reward system on the employee motivation is highly debatable and more research is required to be undertaken in this field as both performance and motivation is dependent on many other factors. Therefore, it is important to formulate a proper strategy to link performance, remuneration, and employee motivation (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). Performance appraisal is one of the important tools that organizations employ to devise a link between performance based remuneration system and employee motivation. If the organization employs incorrect metrics to measure performance or its influence on employee motivation, the whole exercise would become futile and the organization would not be able to achieve its desired objectives (Ederer Manso, 2013). In this regard, it is important to analyse the effectiveness of performance based remuneration on employee motivation by understanding why some employees respond more positively to such reward systems and others do not. This can be understood by undertaking a research in a preferred organization by collecting empirical evidence on the level of motivation of the employees and its relation with the remuneration structure of the organization (Larkin et al., 2012). Research Objectives The objective of this report is to access the impact of performance based remuneration system on employee motivation and to enable business organizations to establish strategies. These strategies in turn will identify best strategies to be effectively implemented so as to motivate employees to increase productivity and to achieve organizational goals and objectives. More specifically, the study aims to address the following research questions RQ 1: How performance based reward system and motivation are related? RQ 2: What metrics are employed by business organizations to link reward structure with motivation? RQ 3: How effectiveness of performance based reward systems and its impact on the employee motivation are evaluated by the organization? RQ 4: How can management align performance based reward system to employee motivation and productivity? With the help of answers of these research questions the most important objective of the report i.e. to access the impact of performance based reward systems on employee motivation and what strategies or methods can be employed by the organizations to ensure effectiveness of this motivational strategy can be achieved (Eerde, 2014). Justification of the Project Performance based remuneration or reward systems are the most common method that is utilized by various organizations to increase productivity and to increase employee motivation. Monetary rewards have already been established by previous researchers as one of the most influential tool to motivate employees. However, to what level these performance based reward systems would motivate employees and how they would link performance with the reward systems is highly subjective to different organizations (Cummings Worley, 2014). Therefore, it is important for an organization to have well formulated strategies before linking performance with rewards. Since, the aim of performance based reward system is to increase productivity and achieve employee motivation; it may be possible that organization would focus more on increasing productivity that may result in unhealthy competitions in the organization, unrealistic performance metrics to get the monetary rewards, and frustrated employees tha t would further result in de-motivation among the employees (Griffin, 2013). Expected Research Outcome The outcome of this study would provide an analytical framework in order to investigate various factors having influence on the performance indicators, its utility in analyzing effectiveness of devising performance based reward systems and its relationship with employee motivation. Although, every organization employs different techniques to formulate its performance based reward systems, and different criteria to evaluate its effectiveness on the employee motivation, the research outcome would be highly variable. It would also be dependent on the organization selected for studying the relation between performances based reward systems and employee motivation (Lazaroiu, 2015). However, this report would provide a holistic picture of the topic selected for the research proposal and provide guidelines or recommendations for business organizations that employ performance based reward systems as a tool to motivate employees. Various factors that affect the success of performance based re ward system to motivate employees are the perceived value of benefits that employees associate with rewards. In addition, the research questions identified in the research proposal would be answered on the basis of collecting and analyzing data. The research output is the most important part of the research as it addresses the research questions identified in the proposal and would also enable the business organization to understand the relationship between employee motivation and performance based reward systems. (Cerasoli et al., 2014). Section 2 Conceptual framework and Research Hypothesis Performance based reward system aims at formulation and implementation of strategies that is based on the principle that rewards to employees are distributed fairly, consistently and in accordance with the employees value and contribution in the organization. As already discussed, motivation can be extrinsic or intrinsic. Intrinsic motivation comes from within and little push by the organization (Shields et al., 2015). The employees are self-motivated, take pride and derive satisfaction from their work. Organization can facilitate intrinsic motivation by providing more information or feedback, recognition and appreciation of employees and providing opportunities to perform tasks that involves more responsibility and authority (Gupta Shaw, 2014). Extrinsic motivation on the other hand comes from the outside sources and business organizations need to focus on various factors that motivate employees. Extrinsic motivation comes from extrinsic rewards such as bonuses, increasing salary, promotions, gifts and other tangible rewards. These extrinsic rewards are linked with performance and productivity of the employees and the underlying principle is that employees are motivated to work more when presented with opportunities to get extra rewards and monetary benefits. However, motivating employees by means of performance based reward systems has drawn a lot of criticisms as monetary and other tangible rewards have limited influence in motivating employees and after attaining a certain level of accomplishments these rewards do not motivate them. In spite of these limitations, organizations mostly employ this system of motivation as most people in the organization do not reach the point beyond which monetary benefits does not motivates them (Dysvik Kuvaas, 2013). This can be understood with the help of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Maslow hierarchy of needs consist of five steps represented in the form of five distinct layers in the pyramid. The various layers of the need pyramids are psychological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization. In organizational context, the employees belonging to the first three stages are motivated by monetary rewards. However, for the next two stages namely esteem and self-actualization, intrinsic motivations are more suitable as these individuals are self driven, have fulfilled their lower order needs and strive to excel in their field. However, the numbers of people belonging to the first three layers in Maslows hierarchy pyramid is relatively high and require extrinsic motivators. In this regard, performance based reward system is most important in determining employee motivation. In order to establish an effective reward system that also aims at acting as a motivating factor for the employees, it is important to cultivate a system of continuous improvement and efficiency. Thus, link with the appropriate combinations of rewards can be reasonably achieved. However, there is no fixed approach that can be replicated in all the organizations. To link performance with the reward based systems, it must be based on fair assessment of the organizational objectives, employee motivational level, fair and transparent reward, and recognition structure that would not only increase productivity but also help in achieving employee motivation. However, it is also argued that extrinsic rewards may erode intrinsic motivations among the employees and employees may indulge in unhealthy competition among themselves to get more rewards. This may lead to undesirable circumstances in the company such as employees becoming dissatisfied from the current reward systems. This would further lead to de-motivation among them as they may feel that the current reward system is ineffective and aims only at increasing productivity. The following diagram provides a conceptual framework to understand the relation between employee productivity, motivation level and the performance based reward system. Figure: 1 Conceptual Framework Based on research objective and problem, following research hypothesis can be proposed as H0 (Null hypothesis): Performance based reward system does not have any impact on employee motivation. H1 (Alternate hypothesis): Performance based reward system has a direct impact on employee motivation. Methodology Research methodology provides a basic framework for successfully undertaking the research and helps in presenting the overview of the elements of the entire research. The various components of research methodology constitutes research approach, research design and data collection method used for a particular research study (Matthews Ross, 2014). Therefore, it can be said that research methodology is a method that is employed by researchers to get the desired conclusion and fulfill the research objectives. Therefore, research methodology can be defined as an outline of a research that provides a systematic structure to the research activities and provides direction to the research (Robson McCartan, 2016). The purpose of this research is to access the impact of performance based reward system on employee motivation. For this research proposal, various elements that influence the level of employee motivation, extent of monetary rewards that can effectively motivate employees and metrics that should be utilized to link performance, rewards, and employee motivation have been discussed. Therefore, to carry out the research successfully, the positivism theory is selected. Further, inductive methods of analysis and descriptive design for research study are selected. For data analysis, both qualitative and quantitative methods have been selected. The research further employs both primary and secondary data that utilizes review of available literature and uses the convenience sampling method to collect primary data (i.e. organization selected for the study) (Taylor et al., 2015). Research philosophy and research approach In order to access the impact of performance based reward system on employee motivation, it is important to select suitable research philosophy. The research aims at depicting the analysis of topic selected for the research study. The impact of performance based reward system on employee motivation can be analyzed by adopting the positivism philosophy. This allows the researcher to identify and distinguish genuine facts by recognizing the parameters of employee motivation (Panneerselvam, 2014). Research approach on the other hand aims at conceptualizing the research approach that would be undertaken to achieve the desired research objective. Research studies usually employ two types of research inductive and deductive. For this study, the research approach selected is the inductive research approach. The inductive research approach follows observation, collection of primary and secondary data, data analysis and establishment of relevant theories at the end of research (Blumberg et al., 2014). Research design Research design is dependent on the type of study undertaken by the researcher to study the research topic. The purpose of a research design is to restrict or narrow the scope to meet the research objectives or questions. There are three basic research designs that are employed to undertake a research such as exploratory, explanatory and descriptive (Lewis, 2015). For this study, the aim of this research is to relate the findings of research with the research objectives. The research would provide a theoretical framework by relating the results or findings of the research with research objectives. Therefore, the descriptive research design would be followed for the proposed research (Flick, 2015). Data collection method There are two ways in which research data can be collected such as primary and secondary. For this research, both the methods of data collection would be used so that research objectives can be achieved. Primary data can be collected from relevant sources i.e. employees of the organization of study (Mitchell Jolley, 2012). The data can be collected by directly interviewing the employees, or with the use of survey questionnaires. Further, secondary data can be collected by studying the works of past researchers and this includes journals, books, trusted websites, and academic papers, etc. (Neuman Robson, 2012). In addition, the report would employ the probabilistic sampling method as it is more accurate and an unbiased method of data collection and the proposed sample size for the research would be 100 respondents. Additionally, the quantitative research method is more suitable for the research as that would employ survey questionnaires to obtain the desired research objectives (Creswell, 2013). Section 3 Organization of the Study The organization of study for this research is as follows: Chapter 1 would be research proposal as outlined in this assignment. Chapter 2 would discuss the case study on the effect of performance based reward system on employee motivation. Chapter 3 will include the details of research methodology that includes literature review, data collection methods, and identifying the indicators of employee motivation and data analysis methods. Chapter 4 will present findings and analysis of the proposed report. Chapter 5 will present a summary of the important findings and would discuss their implications on the employee motivation. Gantt chart Gantt chart is used to represent the timeframe for undertaking the entire research study (Baker Trietsch, 2013). The entire research would take approximately 5 months time to complete successfully. This is represented as Activity name Start day End day Duration (Days) Project Proposal 15-05-2016 28-05-2016 14 Literature review 29-05-2016 06-08-2016 70 Data collection 07-08-2016 24-09-2016 49 Data analysis 25-08-2016 15-10-2016 21 Final report submission 16-10-2016 30-10-2016 15 Project Budget and Budget Justification In order to successfully complete the entire research within the proposed time frame (30-10-2016) as represented in the table above, the estimated budget requirement is $3,000. The budget for the proposed research is $3,000 that has been devised on the basis of various activities that has been performed to successfully complete the proposed research (Denscombe, 2014). The budget would be utilized for undertaking research related activities The literature review that has to be undertaken to complete the research would require textbooks, journal articles, academic papers, and online resources that are not available free of cost. Therefore, for this a budget of $800 is allocated. Data collection is another research activity that would require some expenses such as printing, mailing, travelling and other expenses incurred in the process of data collection. Since data collection is an extensive activity, the budget of $1,000 is allocated for this research activity. Lastly, for the analysis of data, a budget of $700 is allocated. This would be employed for getting access to data analysis tools and software (Chen et al., 2014). References Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers Baker, K. R., Trietsch, D. (2013).Principles of sequencing and scheduling. John Wiley Sons. Blumberg, B. F., Cooper, D. R., Schindler, P. S. (2014).Business research methods. McGraw-hill education. Cerasoli, C. P., Nicklin, J. M., Ford, M. T. (2014). Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives jointly predict performance: A 40-year meta-analysis.Psychological Bulletin,140(4), 980. Chen, G. G., Weikart, L. A., Williams, D. W. (2014).Budget tools: Financial methods in the public sector. CQ Press. Creswell, J. W. (2013).Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Cummings, T., Worley, C. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning Denscombe, M. (2014).The good research guide: for small-scale social research projects. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Dysvik, A., Kuvaas, B. (2013). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation as predictors of work effort: The moderating role of achievement goals.British Journal of Social Psychology,52(3), 412-430. Ederer, F., Manso, G. (2013). Is pay for performance detrimental to innovation?.Management Science,59(7), 1496-1513. Eerde, W. (2014). Motivation and Reward Systems.Wiley Encyclopedia of Management. Flick, U. (2015).Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. Griffin, R. (2013).Fundamentals of management. Cengage Learning. Gupta, N., Shaw, J. D. (2014). Employee compensation: The neglected area of HRM research.Human Resource Management Review,24(1), 1-4. Kehoe, R. R., Wright, P. M. (2013). The impact of high-performance human resource practices on employees attitudes and behaviors.Journal of Management,39(2), 366-391. Larkin, I., Pierce, L., Gino, F. (2012). The psychological costs of payà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ forà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ performance: Implications for the strategic compensation of employees.Strategic Management Journal,33(10), 1194-1214. Lazaroiu, G. (2015). Employee Motivation and Job Performance.Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations,14, 97. Lewis, S. (2015). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches.Health promotion practice, 1524839915580941. Matthews, B., Ross, L. (2014).Research methods. Pearson Higher Ed Mitchell, M., Jolley, J. (2012).Research design explained. Cengage Learning. Neuman, W. L., Robson, K. (2012). Basics of social research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches Panneerselvam, R. (2014).Research methodology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C. M., Ormston, R. (Eds.). (2013).Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage. Robson, C., McCartan, K. (2016).Real world research. Wiley. Shields, J., Brown, M., Kaine, S., Dolle-Samuel, C., North-Samardzic, A., McLean, P., ... Plimmer, G. (2015).Managing Employee Performance Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. Cambridge University Press. Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R., DeVault, M. (2015).Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons.

The Crucible Essays (577 words) - Salem Witch Trials,

The Crucible The Crucible was written by Arthur Miller and, in the Northern production, directed by Deborah Barton-Moore. The play is set in Salem, Massachusetts, 1692, where suspicions of witchcraft were floating around the town air. The play opens with Betty Parris sick in bed, and Reverend Parris tending to her, and wondering what made her so sick. Soon Abigail Williams saunters in, and through much probing, Reverend Parris eventually finds out that she, Tituba, Susanna Walcott and Betty were all involved together in a secret practicing of witchcraft. Abigail tells of a dance around a cauldron, in the woods, and says that was all that happened But, when Reverend Parris tells how he was in the woods at that particular time, and saw these dances, as well as some other very strange rituals, Abigail gradually explains what went on, while leaving herself out as the main practitioner. She says she was sort of led into it all by the other girls. Anyway, now the stage is set for a variety of unexpected accusations, scandals and tribulations. Abigail's performance stood out to me, as I enjoyed how she could change from that little sweet. innocent girl, to a fierce, roaring woman. Her costume fitted the time period, and was quite appropriate for the scenes, when coupled with her movement, and manner. It was very noticeable the way she could change the attributes of her character, as I mentioned before (a girl to a tiger), just by the subtle change of various bodily actions. This was accomplished by vocal changes, and different method of walk, from a light dainty movement, to a fierce romping thump. The play had four main sets, each one for each scene. It started out in a small upper bedroom in the home of Reverend Parris, with a bed, for sick Betty, a small night table, and a chair. Even with this small number of physical props, the cast made very good use of space, and it looked visually attractive. As a director, I might provide a long table, or bench, so that when Reverend Parris accuses, the four women, they would back away from him, to show their fear, but then run out of space and be forced to lean or sit on the table or bench and hear the Reverend out. This way, there is sort of a non-verbal role of superiority to the Reverend, as he is standing over the four who are sitting, thus making for the body language that he's in charge of the situation. Through the rest of the acts, the scenery shifts are made quickly, along with the lighting to create a shift in time as well as place, and it provides for a noticeable variation in the mood. Overall, the technical aspects were quite good. The majority of the work must have gone on behind the scenes and thus was un-noticeable to the audience and myself. But, to think how well they did, considering all they had to do and watch out for. As far as I saw, all the lighting and other cues seemed to be right on target, and there never was a moment where the actors had to compensate for a faulty lighting or prop switch. (Although, I believe the actors and actresses would be most ready to do so if the moment arouse.) Just think back to last year's performance of the Front Page. I remember the performance I went to, Hildy (Erik P.) picked up the phone and started to talk to the other party, -then it rang. Oh well, he made it up well, and this year's show was quite impressive.

Story Analysis of Popular Mechanics by Raymond Carver

Story Analysis of Popular Mechanics by Raymond Carver Popular Mechanics, a very short story by Raymond Carver, first appeared in Playgirl in 1978. The story was included in Carvers 1981 collection, What We Talk About When We Talk About Love, and later appeared under the title Little Things in his 1988 collection, Where Im Calling From. The story describes an argument between a man and a woman that rapidly escalates into a physical struggle over their baby. Meaning of the Title The title of the story refers to the long-running magazine for technology and engineering enthusiasts, Popular Mechanics. The implication is that the way the man and the woman handle their differences is widespread or typical that is, popular. The man, woman, and baby dont even have names, which emphasizes their role as universal archetypes. They could be anyone; they are everyone. The word mechanics shows that this is a story about the process of disagreeing more than it is about the outcome of those disagreements. Nowhere is this more evident than in the final line of the story: In this manner, the issue was decided. Were never told explicitly what happens to the baby, so its possible there is a chance that one parent managed to wrest the baby successfully from the other. However, the parents have already knocked down a flowerpot, a bit of foreshadowing that doesnt bode well for the baby. The last thing we the audience see is the parents tightening their grip on the baby and pulling back hard in opposite directions.   The parents actions couldnt have failed to injure him, and if the issue has been decided, it suggests that the struggle is over. It seems most likely, then, that the baby was killed. The use of passive voice is chilling here, as it fails to assign any responsibility for the outcome. The words manner, issue, and was decided have a clinical, impersonal feel, focusing again on the mechanics of the situation rather than the humans involved. But the reader wont be able to avoid noticing that if these are the mechanics we choose to employ, real people do get hurt. After all, issue can also be a synonym for offspring. Because of the mechanics the parents choose to engage in, this child is decided. The Wisdom of Solomon The struggle over a baby echoes the story of the Judgment of Solomon in the book of Kings in the Bible. In this story, two women arguing over a baby bring their case to King Solomon for resolution. Solomon offers to cut the baby in half for them. The false mother agrees, but the real mother says shed rather see her baby go to the wrong person than see it killed. By her selflessness, Solomon recognizes who the real mother is and awards her custody of the child. But there is no selfless parent in Carvers story. At first, it appears the father wants only a photo of the baby, but when the mother sees it, she takes it away. She doesnt want him to have it. Angered by her taking the photo, he escalates his demands and insists on taking the actual baby. Again, he doesnt really seem to want it; he just doesnt want the mother to have it. They even argue about whether theyre hurting the baby, but they seem less concerned with the truth of their statements than with the opportunity to hurl accusations at each other. During the story, the baby changes from a person referred to as him to an object referred to as it. Just before the parents make their final pull on the baby, Carver writes: She would have it, this baby. The parents want only to win, and their definition of winning hinges entirely on their opponents losing.  Its a grim view of human nature, and one may wonder how King Solomon would have dealt with these two parents.

Discuss the impact of the National Curriculum on child-centred Essay

Discuss the impact of the National Curriculum on child-centred principles and the use of play within primary education - Essay Example It was evident that a single plan was needed. In 2000, it was reported by the National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NLT: Early Debate, 28.1.00) that English children were falling behind Japanese children because English children started school earlier and didn’t have sufficient development of behavioral and social skills. Teachers found they were spending more time on bad behavior and less time on teaching than did their Japanese equivalents. A study of play-based learning in Nursery School has shown it to be important for preschoolers, and this type of learning might be extended to children up to 6 years old and perhaps even 7 before formal teaching takes over. This thinking was first developed by Rudolph Steiner of Austria, whose Steiner Waldorf approach was instituted in Stuttgart, Germany, in 1919, with many Steiner early years centres presently located throughout the world. The centres focus on three stages - birth to 7 years old, 7 to 14 and 14 to 21. Gareth Lewis, author and advocate of home schoolin g (2001), lists the following principles as part of the approach: The Foundation Stage became part of the English National Curriculum in October 2002, and its profile has replaced baseline testing. Updated to the Early Years Foundation Stage in November 2005, it focuses on â€Å"the distinct needs of children aged three to the end of the reception year (age 5)† (NLT: Foundation Stage, par. 2). In the U.S. there was a move in 2003 to cut playtime in order to make more time for testing. This view was not shared in the United Kingdom, however, because researchers found that â€Å"shortening school breaks undermined children’s social relationships and long-term emotional development† (NLT: elgoals: Primary Play Cut for Testing, par. 2). Controversy surrounding this issue continued through 2004 and a report by the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority in

Art History Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Art History - Research Proposal Example But what may have encouraged Cleaver's request may have been Howard Bingham's largely apolitical nature. Bingham always kept quiet about any political feelings that he had, but instead focused on individuals, as is evident in his recent exhibition at the Californian African American Museum; A Moment in Time: Bingham's Black Panthers. The exhibition's introduction summarises Bingham's role as follows; "This exhibition and the accompanying publication, not only showcase recognisable snapshots taken during public displays, but also posed, private and unusual moments that the Panthers' leaders could have only granted to a well trusted soul whose artistry and openness to the cause would be honestly reflected through the lens of a camera. That is the access that they gave to photographer Howard Bingham, from which he created an extremely personal and priceless tribute."3 For me Bingham distanced himself, or tried to distance himself, from the politics of the movement in order to portray the human, everyday character of its members and what I believe he felt to be the essential matters, especially community. It is for this reason that I want to concentrate on one particular photo by Bingham, simply entitled 'Panthers' Headquarters, Oakland'. The photograph shows two young girls, one African America, the other Caucasian, cycling past the Panthers' Headquarter building. The immediate symbolism of the photo is quite clear, portraying the notions of equality and possibility, but what makes the image especially interesting is the apparent anxious expression on the face of an African American woman standing in the doorway of the building as she watches the two children. And when one looks closer at the image the face of a man becomes recognisable in the window of the Panthers' Headquarters, peering out at the children. The viewer immediately asks his or herself what is the reason for the seemingly shared anxious expressions of the African American man and woman, in complete contrast to the children. Another feature of the image that encourages questions from the viewer is the role played by shadow. Although the two children are side by side they are separated by shadow, the African American child within it, and the Caucasian child outside it. But what we must not forget when analysing the work of this exhibition is that these photos are journalism as art, and that it is impossible to know how much of the scene has been constructed by the author. It is very likely that these two children just happened to be riding together at a particular time of day but the image still poses questions. Is the artist attempting to suggest that there is a natural division between the children or is he in fact highlighting the idea that racial division is as superfluous as how the sun's rays reach the sidewalk at a certain time of day, and that the innocence of these children allows them to transcend the division. Is Bingham here suggesting the idea of an integrated future A number of different aspects of the image can be interpreted as a variety of symbols, that lead to more questions arising, and give us an interesting view into, or interpretation of, of the artists own personal feelings towards the Black Panthers, and in fact the entire Civil Rights Movement. It is impossible to tell if the woman at the threshold of the Headquarters is stationary or if she is leaving the building,

FEU Admission Policies for incoming Freshmen Essay Example for Free

FEU Admission Policies for incoming Freshmen Essay The following policies for admission and retention shall be effective School Year 2012-13 and apply to all incoming freshmen and transferees entering the school in that school year. 1. All incoming first year shall be subject to the University’s admission requirements, as administered by the Admissions Office 2. Students pursuing a degree in Accountancy shall be enrolled initially in the Bachelor of Science in Business Administration-Major in Internal Auditing program (BSBA-IA). 3. To be eligible for admission to higher studies in the BSBA-IA program, BSBA-IA students shall pass a qualifying examination to be administered by the Institute after they have taken Fundamentals of Accounting Part 2. This is usually scheduled near or at the end of the 1stSemester in the second year of the curriculum. Students enrolled in other BSBA majors who have completed 12 units of Fundamentals of Accounting Parts 1 and 2 may take the examination and be admitted to the BSBA-IA program if qualified. The result of the qualifying examination is final and not subject to appeal; no retakes are allowed. Non qualifiers shall be advised to shift to another BSBA major. Non qualification after this first qualifying examination is a permanent disqualification from the BSBA-IA program. 4. To remain in the BSBA-IA program the student must meet all of the following requirements: A. GWA of 2. 0 or better in all accounting, law, and taxation subjects, with no grade lower than 2. 5 in any of these subjects B. Students may continue in the program only if the non-qualified subjects are re-enrolled and the required passing grade is attained. C. Pass a comprehensive examination at the end of each academic year covering all major subjects in the year level for the academic year; unsuccessful examinees may be advised to shift to another major, re-enroll some courses, or retake the examination. Students who do not meet the grade requirement are barred from taking the comprehensive examination. 5. All 4th year BSBA-IA students who have completed all course requirements shall be eligible for graduation with the BSBA-IA degree. To be admitted to 5th year BS Accountancy, the student must pass a written comprehensive examination to be taken at the end of the 4thyear, BSBA-IA, Non-qualifiers may retake the comprehensive examination any number of times to qualify for 5th year BSA 6. To qualify for graduation with the BSA degree, the student must pass a comprehensive written examination at the end of the 5th year; non passers may retake the examination any number of times until finally qualified. Students who fail for the third time shall re-enroll at least 6 units of 5th year subjects as recommended by the Dean or Associate Dean. Passing the written comprehensive examination is an absolute requirement for graduation.

Fitzgeralds Exploration of the American Dream in The Great Gatsby Essa

Fitzgerald's Exploration of the American Dream in The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, is a one of the best stories written during a chaotic period in our nation’s history, The Jazz Age. The Twenties were a time of social experiments, self-indulgence, and dissatisfaction for majority of Americans. Fitzgerald depicts all these characteristics throughout the novel with his interesting themes, settings, and characters. The most elaborate and symbolic character Fitzgerald presents to his readers is Jay Gatsby. Fitzgerald uses Gatsby as a vehicle to explore the idea of The American Dream, which was a key element in shaping American society and it’s citizens. Fitzgerald does not sugar-coat his definition of the American Dream, but lets his protagonist voice these elements and its decline, challenging the reader to explore the true nature of America in the 1920s. Jay Gatsby, like many average Americans, has a dream of becoming successful and noble. In The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby decides to pursue The American Dream as a young adult. Gatsby came from a poor social class, which forced him to work hard even though he would receive no high status in life. Gatsby knew this, but always remained very ambitious and refused to settle for a life of â€Å"janitor’s work†. It wasn’t until Jay was 17 years old when he found his real inspiration to become successful. Before World War I, Jay Gatsby met Daisy and fell instantly in love with her. Unfortunately for Ga...

Why the Legal Drinking Age Should Stay at Twenty-one

Alcohol is a depressant that affects your vision, coordination, reaction time, multitasking ability, judgment, and decision-making (Short and Long Term). Seventy-five percent of adults in America drink alcohol (Health). Because of the large impact that alcohol consumption has had on America, it has become a hot topic of debate. Specifically, on whether lowering the age at which a person can legally drink would decrease the amount of alcohol abuse by minors. To properly address the issue of underaged drinking in America, the legal drinking age should stay at twenty-one.If lowered, the amount of alcohol being consumed by persons under twenty-one would increase, causing a rise in alcohol related accidents and death. Origins of Alcohol Ethanol, the alcohol we consume, is made by fermenting and distilling fruits and grains. Alcohol fermentation is a natural process which occurs when yeast converts carbohydrates, such as starch or sugar, into alcohol. An example would be wheat used to crea te beer, or grapes to produce wine. Most plant matter can be used to produce alcohol.When an alcoholic beverage is consumed, 20 percent of the alcohol is absorbed in the stomach and 80 percent in the small intestine (Freudenrich). The speed of absorption depends upon the concentration of alcohol in the beverage, gender, weight, and whether your stomach is full or empty; food slows down the absorption of alcohol. Men generally have more muscle mass and less fat then women, so one drink will not affect a man as it would a woman.A person doesn’t start feeling the effects of alcohol until it is carried through the bloodstream, to the  body’s tissues. This process takes about twenty minutes, depending on the amount originally consumed. Once absorbed by the bloodstream, five percent of the alcohol is expelled through the kidneys as urine, five percent through exhalation of the lungs, and the rest is broken down into acetic acid by the liver (Freudenrich). A person becomes â€Å"drunk† when an excess of alcohol is consumed and cannot be absorbed by the liver. Throughout history, alcohol has provided a large variety of uses for the human race.No one knows exactly when alcohol was first used, but intentionally fermented drinks existed as early as 10,000 B. C. (Patrick, 12-13). In ancient Egypt, brewing dates back to the beginning of civilization, where alcohol played an important roll in worship of the gods (Cherrington, vol. 1, 404). Alcoholic beverages were used for pleasure, nutrition, medicine and ritual. In China, alcohol was considered a spiritual food, playing an important role in religious life (Hucker, 28).â€Å"In ancient times people always drank when holding a memorial ceremony, offering sacrifices to gods or their ancestors, pledging resolution before going into battle, celebrating victory, before feuding and official executions, for taking an oath of allegiance, while attending the ceremonies of birth, marriage, reunions, departure s, death, and festival banquets† (Fei-Peng, 13). Greeks were the most restrained when it came to alcohol consumption in ancient history. This had to do with their rules stressing moderate drinking, diluting wine with water, and avoiding excess (Austin, 11).However, intoxication at gatherings and festivals was not uncommon. By 1,700 B. C. , wine making was commonplace, and during the next thousand years wine drinking assumed the same function so commonly found around the world: It was incorporated into religious rituals, it became important in hospitality, it was used for medicinal purposes and it became an integral part of daily meals (Babor, 1986, pp. 2-3). Greek philosopher, Plato, thought wine, in moderation, was beneficial to one’s health and happiness.With all of these ancient countries prospering, and consuming alcohol for the better, it is difficult to believe that alcohol consumption laws are being abused every day by underaged drinkers. Temperance Movement In t he early days of America, alcohol was viewed positively, with the idea that it was to be received with thankfulness. Even toddlers drank alcohol; it was seen as healthful for everyone.Ironically enough, for over thirty years, those who abstained from alcohol had to pay life insurance rates that  were ten percent higher than that for drinkers. Those who held back from alcohol were seen as â€Å"thin and watery, and as mentally cranked, in that he repudiated the good creatures of God as found in alcoholic drinks† (Kobler, 26). There was an expectation that abusing alcohol was not acceptable. â€Å"Drunkenness was condemned and punished, but only as an abuse of a God-given gift. Drink itself was not looked upon as culpable, any more than food deserved blame for the sin of gluttony. Excess was a personal indiscretion† (Aaron and Musto, 132).Violations did occur, but for the most part, alcohol abuse was not a major problem, until urbanization. With an increase in poverty and crime in colonial America, came an increase in alcohol abuse. â€Å"A sizeable number of Americans for the first time began to drink to excess by themselves. The solo binge was a new pattern of drinking in which periods of abstinence were interspersed every week, month, or season with one to three-day periods of solitary inebriation† (Rorabaugh, 144). This is when people began to search for solutions to drinking problems.One suggestion came from one of the most influential physicians of the period, Dr. Benjamin Rush. In 1784, Dr. Rush argued that the excessive use of alcohol was injurious to a person’s physical and psychological health (Katcher, 275). Many thought that the only way to prevent drunkenness was to abstain from drinking alcohol completely. With the influence of Rush’s belief, the first temperance association was formed in Connecticut in 1789, and within the next few decades other temperance organizations were formed in eight states (Ashbury, 28- 31).The future of this movement to moderate alcohol seemed bright, but many of it’s leaders overestimated their strength; they expanded their activities and took positions on other moral issues. This just turned into political bickering, and by the early 1820s their movement was stalled. To get out of this standstill, most temperance organizations argued that the only way to prevent drunkenness was to eliminate alcohol consumption completely. While the Temperance Movement began by advocating the temperate, or moderate, use of alcohol, it now said that no one should be permitted to drink any amounts of alcohol (Royce, 40).They became much more extreme, devoted advocates of their cause. They became prohibitionists. â€Å"For decades the American public was flooded with temperance pamphlets, temperance novels, temperance newspapers, temperance sermons, and temperance lectures-the longest sustained and perhaps the largest organized effort at mass communication about a social iss ue that the country has ever seen† (Room, 22). Interestingly enough, root beer, the carbonated soft drink, was developed by prohibitionists in the hopes that it would replace beer in popularity; that effort was obviously unsuccessful.Many prohibitionists saw it as their religious duty to encourage temperance, even through politics. Children were even used in the movement to march, sing and exert pressure at polling places. One of the leading organizations for National Prohibition, the Anti-Saloon League, stressed it’s religious character, and anything it did was seen as moral or justified because it was working for God. Decades later, their strong organization and political tactics paid off in the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution, establishing national prohibition.A leader of the Anti-Saloon League stated that before it’s passage in Congress, 13,000 business people who supported prohibition were given crucial instructions: We blocked the telegraph wires in Congress for three days. One of our friends sent seventy-five telegrams, each signed differently with the name of one his subordinates. The campaign was successful. Congress surrendered. The first to bear the white flag was Senator Warren Harding of Ohio. He told us frankly he was opposed to the amendment, but since it was apparent from the telegrams that the business world was demanding it he would submerge his own opinion and vote for submission.  (Pollard, 107)For decades prohibition had been advocated as the magical solution to the nation’s poverty, crime, and other indiscretions (Aaron and Musto, 157). However, almost immediately after the Eighteenth Amendment was imposed, alcohol was being made and consumed illegally. Grape juice began to sell as â€Å"bricks or blocks of Rhine Wine† along with a warning: â€Å"After dissolving the brick in a gallon of water, do not place the liquid in a jug away in the cupboard for twenty days, because then it would turn into wine† (Aaron and Musto, 159). Ironically, American alcohol production and consumption grew during the period of prohibition.It encouraged high amounts of alcohol consumption in secretive, unregulated ways. â€Å"People did not take the trouble to go to a speakeasy, present the password, and pay high prices for very poor quality alcohol simply to have a beer. When people went to speakeasies, they went to get drunk. † (Zinberg and Fraser, 468). â€Å"Removing the alcohol from the norms of everyday society increased drinking problems. Without well-known prescriptions for use and commonly held sanctions against abuse, prohibition drinkers were left almost as defenseless as were the South American Indians in the face of Spanish rum and brandy. † (Zinberg and Fraser, 470).Violence and corruption of public officials caused by prohibition only added to the list of problems. It became difficult to convict prohibition violators because public suppor t for the law and its enforcement dramatically weakened. For example, of 7,000 arrests in New York between 1921 and 1923, only twenty-seven resulted in convictions (Lender and Martin, 154). Political views on the law began to shift as it’s ineffectiveness became evident. Even John D. Rockefeller, Jr. , a lifelong abstainer, announced his support for repeal of the eighteenth amendment, because of the widespread problems it caused (Prendergast, 44).The popular vote for repeal of the eighteenth amendment was three to one, the American people rejected prohibition (Childs, 260-261). It is obvious that alcohol abuse was, and still is, an infinite problem faced by American adults and adolescents. Clearly permanently abstaining from alcohol is a mess as well. The solution, to find a healthy medium, is clear: allow Americans the consumption of alcohol, but restricting the age at which it can be consumed to twenty-one will support alcohol in moderation and promote lawfulness when consu ming alcohol.Underage Alcohol Abuse Alcohol use among teenagers is not uncommon. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine says, by the end of high school, about 75% of adolescents have tried alcohol, and more than half report having been drunk at least once in their life. â€Å"Alcohol is involved in more than one-third of the adolescent deaths associated with unintentional injury, homicide, and suicide† (Further and Fredrick). If the drinking age is lowered to 18, youth in this country will start drinking at younger and younger ages.It will be much easier for 15 to 17 year olds to obtain alcohol via their 18 year old peers in high school (Fell). The abundance of alcohol will cause distractions to students studies as well as create dangers after hours. More accidents are bound to occur, and teens will be less likely to report medical need if they are under the influence, whether it be for fear of getting in trouble or just so drunk that they’re unaware of any sor t of problem. A higher drinking age has proven to be beneficial to the health and safety of underaged women.Adolescent drinking plays a significant role in risky sexual behavior, including unwanted, unintended, and unprotected sexual activity, and sex with multiple partners (Cooper and Orcutt). Such behavior increases the risk for unplanned pregnancy and for contracting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including infection with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS (Cooper et al. , 1994). If the drinking age is lowered below twenty-one, adolescents will feel more comfortable drinking more, inadvertently increasing the risk of physical and sexual assault among women (Staley, 1998).Having alcohol in the body while you’re driving changes your distance and speed perception by making you see things farther or closer than they really are, or makes you feel like you’re driving the speed limit when you’re really speeding (Short and Long Term). Every day in America, anothe r 27 people die as a result of drunk driving crashes (An Examination). Sixty percent of all teen deaths in car accidents are alcohol related, and, in a single year, 522 children under the age of 14 were arrested for driving while intoxicated (Teenage Drunk Driving).â€Å"During the 1980s, the nation saw a reduction in alcohol-related fatal crashes, directly attributable to raising the legal minimum age for the sale and public possession of alcohol to age 21† (Statement) It is estimated that minimum drinking age laws have prevented nearly 25,000 fatalities since 1975: Fig. 1. Cumulative Estimated Number of Young Lives Saved by Minimum Drinking Age Laws, 1975-2007 (Traffic Safety Facts, Young Drivers, 2006). However, underaged drinking is still a problem.High school teens drive after drinking about 2.4 million times a month (Teen Drinking and Driving). These numbers will only increase if the drinking age is lowered, because alcohol will be more readily available to adolescents, and misuse will be deadly. Blood alcohol content is the percentage of alcohol in the blood. All 50 states require that the legal blood alcohol content remain at . 08% or less when driving a motor vehicle. This means that . 08% of a person’s blood, by volume, is alcohol (The Code).Teenage boys with a Blood Alcohol level of . 05%-.10% are 18 times more likely to suffer a single vehicle crash than a teenager with no alcohol in the bloodstream (Teenage Drunk Driving). That’s two beers in the course of one hour. Do you really want alcohol consumption to be legal for eighteen year olds? The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Report of 1995 showed that raising the drinking age to twenty-one reduced teen traffic accidents significantly, and brought a thirteen percent decrease in fatal traffic accidents for all ages. Alcohol abuse has been a rising problem for the past three decades.With continued exposure, the human body must adapt to increase the tolerance of alc ohol. This involves an increase in the amount of the liver’s enzymes that are used to break down alcohol, and an increase in brain activity and nervous-system neurons (Freudenrich). These adaptations negatively change a person’s behavior. With long-term alcohol exposure, the body does become more efficient at eliminating alcohol in the blood, but this also means that the person must drink more alcohol to experience the same effects as before, which leads to more drinking and contributes to addiction.Alcohol addiction, or alcoholism, is a chronic disease in which a person becomes physically dependent on alcohol (Watson). Not everyone who drinks alcohol heavily is considered an alcoholic. Those who drink enough to affect their family or job responsibilities, or drive while intoxicated, abuse alcohol, but they do not necessarily have a dependence on it. Alcoholics feel the need to drink, similarly to the way that most people feel the need to eat. There are many social fac tors that can cause one to develop alcoholism. Some include: peer pressure, advertising, and the environment.Young people are extremely susceptible to peer pressure. Too many teenagers think it is acceptable to drink â€Å"because their friends are doing it. † Adolescents who drink alcohol experience problems with brain development and learning. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism says that people who begin drinking before age fifteen are four times more likely to develop alcohol dependence at some time in their lives compared to those who have their first drink at age twenty or older. Lowering the drinking age would only create more alcohol addiction among adolescents.Alcohol, in the long-term, disrupts normal brain development; causes permanent liver damage; kills brain cells, destroys organs; and causes heart problems such as heart attack, disease and stroke (Short and Long Term). The higher the legal drinking age is, the less likely alcohol will be a fa ctor in a young adults death, and the more longevity of the average persons life. Reaffirming the Legal Drinking Age Believe it or not, there are exceptions to the law that makes it illegal for anyone under the age of twenty-one to consume alcohol.In twenty-nine states, it’s legal for a minor to drink alcohol on private, non alcohol-selling premises, with parental consent, and eleven states allow for minors to have alcohol on alcohol-selling premises, with parental approval (ProCon. org). These exceptions to the law are extremely flawed. Alcohol affects minors in a way that is different to adults consuming alcohol. It’s legal for a minor to drink alcohol on private property with parental consent. What does that say if the parents are drunk themselves?Parents under the influence would not give proper supervision to the minors drinking alcohol, and, therefore, greatly increase the risk of an accident. This exception needs to be abolished, because adolescents consuming al cohol has proven negative short-term and long-term consequences. Underage drinking is a leading contributor to death from injuries, which are the main cause of death for people under age twenty-one. â€Å"Annually, about 5,000 people under age 21 die from alcohol-related injuries involving underage drinking† (The Surgeon, 10).About 1,600 deaths result from homicides and 300 from suicides (Teen Drinking and Driving). If adolescents are given permission by parents to drink alcohol, then they will assume that they can get away with alcohol consumption in their homes when their parents are not around. This can lead to dangerous parties with underaged alcohol consumption. Many rights have different ages of initiation. A person can obtain a hunting license at age twelve, driver's license at age sixteen, vote and serve in the military at eighteen, serve in the U. S.House of Representatives at age twenty-five and in the U. S. Senate at age thirty and run for President at age thirty-f ive (Wagenaar and Toomey). â€Å"The minimum age of initiation is based on the specific behavior involved and must take into account the dangers and benefits of that behavior at a given age† (Wagenaar and Toomey). The policy for alcohol consumption at age twenty-one takes into account the fact that underage drinking is related to numerous serious problems, including injuries and deaths resulting from car crashes, suicide, homicide, assault, drowning and recreational injuries.One argument for lowering the legal drinking age is that nineteen and twenty year-olds are drinking anyway, so why not legalize it so they will drink in controlled settings? Research shows that about half of drivers arrested for driving while intoxicated (DWI) or killed as drinking drivers in traffic crashes, did their drinking at licensed establishments (An Examination). Most other foreign countries have a lower drinking age than America. It is argued that alcohol is a bigger part of the European family than it is part of the American family.Many have argued that a high drinking age forces young people to drink without adult supervision, on the contrary making it legal for eighteen to twenty year-olds to drink alcohol causes worse problems because of the abundance of drinking that takes place. For example, in New Zealand, the drinking age was lowered from twenty to eighteen in 1999. After the drinking age was lowered to eighteen, there was a significant increase in traffic crashes among youth affected by the law change (Kypri et al., 126-131).About half of the European countries have intoxication rates among young people that are higher than the intoxication rates in the United States (Comparison). This evidence proves that younger drinking ages are hazardous to the health of adolescents, which, is why the American minimum legal drinking age should stay at twenty-one. Research has proven that keeping the age at which one can legally consume alcohol at twenty-one is best for America n’s and their well being.In ancient times, alcohol in moderation was seen as a way of life, but modern day has consistently shown the need for regulation of alcoholic drinking. The problem with identifying the optimum minimum drinking age, to reduce alcohol abuse, involves many issues of freedom, responsibility, religion, politics and many other realms of life (Alcohol). America’s past has shown that making the consumption of alcohol illegal to everyone is a disaster. Keeping the legal drinking age at twenty-one is the best solution, because it promotes healthier drinking habits for everyone, especially the future’s adults.Keeping the legal age at twenty-one reduces the amount of death and injury; sexually transmitted diseases and abuse; and addiction. The public should be informed on the risks and negative effects to one’s health when drinking too much alcohol. Keep in mind the harmful short- and long-term affects alcohol has on the body. The next time y ou decide to sit down and have a drink, or two, or three, remember the lasting harmful effects that will ensue, especially if your still growing and developing.

The Civil Rights Movement Of African Americans - 2334 Words

Civil rights are the rights that every person should have no matter their sex, religion, or race. These were deprived to African Americans for hundreds of years, long before the civil rights movement of the 1960s. African Americans were slaves from the 1500s until the 1860s when the Civil War happened. After the slaves were freed, there was still a lot of segregation and racism throughout the U.S., especially in the South. The government put into place Jim Crow Laws, which were strict segregation laws that would punish people who associated with people of another race, if the law forbade them to do so. They also used poll taxes, literacy tests, and other things of the like to prevent African Americans from voting. White supremacist groups like the Ku Klux Klan, or rather known as the KKK, would perform violent acts to minorities. They would bomb, carry out beatings and shootings and set fires to blacks’ homes. Some African Americans were fed up with this bad treatment and star ted protests in the 1950s. In 1954, there was a Supreme Court case- Brown v. Board of Education where there was a unanimous vote that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional and it overturned Plessy v. Ferguson where the court said people of different race were â€Å"separate but equal.† Thurgood Marshall was the attorney in that case and later on he became the first African American Supreme Court judge. In 1955, Rosa Parks, an African American woman, born on February 14, 1913 inShow MoreRelatedThe African-American Civil Rights Movement1295 Words   |  5 Pages The African-American Civil Rights Movement is arguably the largest and most successful push towards toward change in American history. The movement was influenced by some of the biggest figures in American history as well, led by Martin Luther King Jr. and influenced by others such as president Kennedy and Johnson. Amongst the numerous protests and powerful speeches during the Civil Rights Movement perhaps the most prominent is the series of three marches in 1965 known today as the â€Å"Selma to Montgomery†Read MoreThe African American Civil Right Movement1040 Words   |  5 PagesThe African American Civil right movement in the late 1950’s and throughout the 1960’s was a powerful fight for equal opportunities to the basic rights and privileges outlined by the US government. During this movement thousands of African American individuals and those who believed in the power of the movement, battled against the piercing white supremacy through various tactics including grass root movements. The grass root movements in the 60’s was characterized by organizations of individualsRead MoreThe African American Civil Rights Movement1450 Words   |  6 PagesThe African American civil rights movement was a long journey for African American nationwide. The success involved many people, hardships and time in order to advance the African American community in America . The purpose of the movement was to achieve their rights, cease discrimination, and racial segregation. During the start of the African American civil rights movement, Africans Americans still were faced with Jim Crow laws which segregated them from whites. Under the Jim Crow laws AfricanRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil Rights Movement1260 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican Americans have fought for equality for a long period of time against desegregation and racism. It was an era where blacks couldn’t have the same rights as a white individual. African American were treated with hate and anger. The Civil Rights Movement is embodied in dramatic recorded speeches. Speeches like â€Å"I have A Dream†, the â€Å"Black Revolution†, and â€Å"Black Power’ and Coalition Politics. These speeches were written by great leaders. Martin Luther King Jr, Malcolm X, and Bayard RustingRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil Rights Movement1624 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the early 1950’s and 1960’s, the civil rights movement defined how African Americ ans progressed from being considered second class citizens to a unified demographic who became more endowed to handle the high tensions between them and the white segregationists. After World War II, protests began to rise between the 1950’s and 1960’s. The large number of blacks that served in the military or worked in the war industry saw that they had a greater place in the world than they had been given inRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil Rights Movement1623 Words   |  7 Pages African Americans were brought to America during the colonial days by Britain, before the civil war, as slaves. They were the foundation of slave economy, being auctioned off and sold, with no thought given to their opinions, families, or lives. Throughout American history, African Americans have slowly fought their way towards where they are today. Their fight has developed into the Civil Rights Movement in the 1900s. Many historians would agree that the start of the Civil Rights Movement happenedRead MoreThe African American Civil Rights Movement756 Words   |  4 PagesAnother significant circumstance was the African-American civil rights movement in US in those years. Until the age of eighteen, he had never thought about ethnicity or cultural differences. After 1968, African-American movement turned to be seen in Milwaukee. He met with Father Grouppi*, but he did not support him and his followers. For a long time, he had not appreciated the African American civil rights movemen t. Moreover, he would think that this movement aggravates the racial segregation in societyRead MoreAfrican American Civil Rights Movement1594 Words   |  7 Pagesblack power movement in American Civil Rights Movement. Violence is a physical force intended to hurt someone. Politics is a platform where the wellbeing is thought for the citizens and in America the politics and laws have been placed in order for the betterment of the American citizens. In this essay I will unravel many factors arguing whether violence is legitimate or whether it is a mean that is necessary to a more equal nation mostly focusing on the American Civil Rights movement and the blackRead MoreAfrican American Civil Rights Movement1525 Words   |  7 PagesFollowing World War I, a new, militant spirit of resistance and activism burgeoned among African-American citizens across the United States. Empowered by the sense that blacks had played a crucial role in the conflict, the descendants of freedmen returned home to fight for their own rights only to find persecution; this dire situation called for immediate, decisive action. During the interwar years, African Americans in the southwest Georgia Black Belt fought for community empowerment and, through theRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil Rights Movement Essay2200 Words   |  9 Pagesequal rights. A perfect example of racial brutality was the summer of 1955 when Emmett Till was brutally murdered by two white men. This murder case promptly seized the attention of millions and modified the history of the United States. The Emmett Till murder case established itself as a defining event in the United States history because it became a spark to the Civil Rights movement, transformed people’s hearts and minds into realizing how dangerous segregation was, and it proved how African Americans