Frederick Douglass :: American History, Masters and Slaves

In 1845, Frederick Douglass published a narrative allow for be remembered in history forever. Douglass narrative is a recite of the tough life on the plantations before his escape to New York. He describes in this narrative the senseless acts of cruelty on the part of the pilots as well as the debased lives of the slaves. memoir of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave provides a powerful account of the role of ignorance of slavery, the damaging effects on slaves and slaveholders, and the fellowship to the path of freedom for African Americans.Frederick Douglass was born in a slave cabin, in February, 1818, close to the town of Easton, on the Eastern Shore of Maryland. (Bio of FD, 1) Frederick Douglass, whose full visit is Frederick Augustus Washington Baily, was abandoned by his mother when he was just a baby and then was raised by his grandparents. Douglass never knew his father and according to him and just about everyone, opinion was also whispered that my mast er was my father his father figure was a white man ( NLOFD, 1). When Douglass was around the age of six, his grandmother took him to the plantation of his master and left him there. (Bio of FD, 1) He stayed there with his master for about two years then he was relocated around the age of eight where he was send to Baltimore to live as a houseboy with Hugh and Sophia Auld, relatives of his master. Not long after his arrival his new mistress taught him the alphabet. The lessons soon came to a cease when Hugh said learning will spoil the best nigger in the world (Foner, 17). When her husband forbade her to continue her instruction, because it was unlawful to teach slaves how to read, Frederick took it upon himself to learn. This marked the turning point when Frederick Douglass started to become a man.Frederick Douglass Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave was written to expose the ignorance of slavery, the damaging effects on slaves and slaveholders. Douglas s wanted to show the world his story and point of view end-to-end his journey through slavery. The novel lets the readers feel the cruelty and hardship of Douglass life. The narrative goes from his early childhood, to when he escaped to freedom, to his role in the abolitionist movement. When Douglass was a teenage boy, he witnesses for the first time his aunt, a slave, getting whipped.

Voice Over Internet Protocol Attacks Essay -- Information Technology

DefinitionVoIP or Voice over Internet Protocol, is a type of transmissions medium that is responsible for the delivery of real-time voice and data communication. Unlike its analog predecessor in which the transport functionality was r protrudeed via the public switched telephone cyberspace (PSTN), calls are now converted from an analog request to a digital format, which is what the Internet Protocol (IP) uses for transmission and delivery, making VoIP possible. Several other key processes, such(prenominal) as signaling, authentication, security, call control, and voice compression, are established by VoIP prior to and during the call setup phase. (Harper, 2011)Essentially, VoIP converts your voice into a digital signal that is sent via the internet. The signal is converted to a standard phone signal before it goes to a land blood line. There are a few ways that VoIP calls are do computer to computer, computer to a network, and network to network. How VoIP worksThe way VoIP wo rks is by using what is called an analog telephone adaptor (ATA). The ATA allows you to connect your phone line to your computer and that allows you to make phone calls across the Internet. The ATA converts the signal from analog to digital. The analog signal is taken from your regular phone and makes it a digital signal so that it can be transmitted through the Internet. One of the most popular providers for VoIP services is Vonage. AT&T is also a provider that uses VoIP and they include an ATA as part of its VoIP service. The setup is actually pretty straightforward, and is a pretty simple installation. Basically, what is required is plugging your phone line into the ATA, and running a phone line out of the ATA into your computer. Tools of the tradeI... ...ding_voip.pdfEdwards, J. (2007, January 11). Voip scams, phishing, and denial of service attacks. Retrieved from http//www.voip-news.com/feature/voip-scams-phishing-dos-011107/Harper, Allen Shon Harris Jonathan Ness Chris Eagle Gideon Lenkey Terron Williams (2011-01-12). venerable Hat Hacking The Ethical Hackers Handbook, 3rd Edition (Kindle Locations 7554-7557). McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. Kindle Edition.Harper, Allen Shon Harris Jonathan Ness Chris Eagle Gideon Lenkey Terron Williams (2011-01-12). Gray Hat Hacking The Ethical Hackers Handbook, 3rd Edition (Kindle Location 7554). McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. Kindle Edition.Harper, Allen Shon Harris Jonathan Ness Chris Eagle Gideon Lenkey Terron Williams (2011-01-12). Gray Hat Hacking The Ethical Hackers Handbook, 3rd Edition (Kindle Locations 7552-7554). McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. Kindle Edition.

Politics of the people Essay -- Analysis, South American Politics

Politics of the People touches on a multitude of topics discussed this term. The article brings to light the issues in S bulge(a)h America. specifically in the Amazon, surrounding big oil companies, the destruction of discharge and environment, and the destitution of the people of Ecuador and how the people and NGOs curb taken action to fight it. In this territorial dominion of the Amazon according to Judith Kimerling, the oil spills and contamination of this region of Ecuador equal or supersedes those of the 1989 Alaskan Exxon Valdez oil spill.(81). What this means is that this bea has been polluted greatly and since 1993 the inhabitants of this stain have been fighting big oil. The grime is unusable with that level of pollution.This land has been taken over by OCPs which are large pipelines running through the land to transfer oil, this is a fantastic example of the industrialization of a 3rd world country. An NGO by the name of Accion Ecologica was one of the groups that e arly on spoke out in recognition of the devastation happening to the land. The devastation of the land in Ecuador reminds me of a film about fracking I saw and how the people who lived on the land were the first to notice the problems with big companies taking over the natural resources. In the article they spoke of large flames that soar through the sky, creating an immense light up and loud, searing noises.(82). This is hardly one example of the inconvenience of the developing oil company in the Territory. Additionally the people live on this land have been mouth out and noting they are having health problems and that it is spreading to the animals, one mans home was destroyed by an explosion of a pipeline behind his home (82). Due to these original concerns ... ...with. in conclusion the companies that go to these lesser countries to mass produce whether it be oil or denim do so because the laws are less strict and they date stamp a loop-hole rough taxes and fees and env ironmental laws. In the Texaco/Chevron case Chevrons attorney argues that the local communities should blame their governing(90). I think that the people are already blaming their government but the at the end of the day the oil companies are to blame too. The goal of this whole ordeal was to raise apprisedness among its partners about the struggles of some other around the globe (92). I would deem their goal as successful, and as oil companies continue to make mistakes whether it be bypassing human rights and environmental rights knowingly or dear have neglected equipment and back up plans in case of a spill like in the gulf coast, the people of the world are aware now. Politics of the people Essay -- Analysis, mho American PoliticsPolitics of the People touches on a multitude of topics discussed this term. The article brings to light the issues in South America. Specifically in the Amazon, surrounding big oil companies, the destruction of land and environment , and the destitution of the people of Ecuador and how the people and NGOs have taken action to fight it. In this territory of the Amazon according to Judith Kimerling, the oil spills and contamination of this region of Ecuador equal or supersedes those of the 1989 Alaskan Exxon Valdez oil spill.(81). What this means is that this area has been polluted greatly and since 1993 the inhabitants of this territory have been fighting big oil. The land is unusable with that level of pollution.This land has been taken over by OCPs which are large pipelines running through the land to transport oil, this is a fantastic example of the industrialization of a 3rd world country. An NGO by the name of Accion Ecologica was one of the groups that early on spoke out in recognition of the devastation happening to the land. The devastation of the land in Ecuador reminds me of a film about fracking I saw and how the people who lived on the land were the first to notice the problems with big companies ta king over the natural resources. In the article they spoke of large flames that soar through the sky, creating an immense heat and loud, searing noises.(82). This is just one example of the inconvenience of the developing oil company in the Territory. Additionally the people live on this land have been speaking out and noting they are having health problems and that it is spreading to the animals, one mans home was destroyed by an explosion of a pipeline behind his home (82). Due to these extreme concerns ... ...with. Lastly the companies that go to these lesser countries to mass produce whether it be oil or denim do so because the laws are less strict and they see a loop-hole around taxes and fees and environmental laws. In the Texaco/Chevron case Chevrons attorney argues that the local communities should blame their government(90). I think that the people are already blaming their government but the at the end of the day the oil companies are to blame too. The goal of this whole ordeal was to raise awareness among its partners about the struggles of other around the globe (92). I would deem their goal as successful, and as oil companies continue to make mistakes whether it be bypassing human rights and environmental rights knowingly or just have neglected equipment and back up plans in case of a spill like in the gulf coast, the people of the world are aware now.

Women as Victims in the Media Essay -- Feminism Feminist Women Critici

Women as Victims in the Media One interesting aspect of murder is the sort it is portrayed in different forms of media. In particular the way female murder victims have been portrayed over time reflects the social norms of the period. Focusing on the way murdered females were portrayed in various forms of media, starting in the late eighteenth century in the United States and ending with the present day representations in film it is evident that a traditional flare of depiction dead women has continued to pervade society through the twentieth century. Stories, either fictional or based on actual events, began around 1800 portraying women victims as young, unmarried, beautiful and innocent. Their deaths were portrayed as resulting from a loss of innocent, generally through premarital sexual contact. The descriptions of the dead bodies were graphic and occasionally erotic in nature. (Cohen, 277-306) These descriptions came at a time when the literacy rate was rising rapidly and the relatively free attitude towards premarital sex was changing to a more regulative ...

Adult Assumptions On Teenagers :: essays research papers

Adults Assumptions On TennagersEveryone knows that through give away life, assumptions and stereotypes aremade. Whether they concern age, gender, race, class and so on, it does not matter. Stereotypes are always made in some form or another, some can be referring to positive aspects, while others can be bad. Whether good or bad, stereotypes should not be made, if a person has not met someone, they shouldnt presume to know them or their type. No two the great unwashed are identical and so they should not be treated as though they are. Many people have similar interests and characteristics, but not identical. A common group that receives a lot of stereotyping is the youthfulness of today. Not everyone, but a lot of people follow the assumption that the youth of todays society are nothing but bludgers. Youth usually have jam of negative assumptions placed upon them such as cosmos known as Know alls, Trouble makers, Druggies and irresponsible. This names just a few of the negative as sumptions that youth have placed upon them nearly, if not, everyday. There are also some positive assumptions made in regard to the youth of today, these are statements like they (the youth) are pedigree to understand the importance of education in order to have a chance at a secure future. Youth are very out going and dont have a concern for tomorrow as they prefer to live for today. Youth have a creative imagination, not just towards art and work, but towards life in general and are willing to learn new skills in order to forward their knowledge, and are being thought of as the future generation. I believe that all of these assumptions have an element of truth, but in the way of being stereotypes. To certain individuals, these assumptions may be true, but not every youth is a trouble maker or a drug addict and so on. As I verbalise before, everyone is an individual and so should be treated as one, and not just as one of them. The reason I think this is because I know that I woul dnt like it if someone treated me the same as other people who are nothing like me. I know that Im not a Druggie or a Know all and so I do not want to be treated the way people treat these sort of youths. Iknow that this is sounding as though I am stereotyping but I am not, I am truism that people do put these groups under headings such as Druggies and they then treat them different.

Adult Assumptions On Teenagers :: essays research papers

Adults Assumptions On TennagersEvery bingle knows that throughout life, assumptions and stereotypes armade. Whether they concern age, gender, race, class and so on, it does not matter. Stereotypes atomic number 18 always made in some form or another, some can be referring to positive aspects, while others can be bad. Whether good or bad, stereotypes should not be made, if a person has not met someone, they shouldnt presume to know them or their type. No two people are superposable and so they should not be treated as though they are. Many people have similar interests and characteristics, still not identical. A common theme that receives a lot of stereotyping is the youth of today. Not everyone, but a lot of people follow the assumption that the youth of todays society are nothing but bludgers. Youth usually have plenty of negative assumptions placed upon them such as being known as Know alls, ado makers, Druggies and irresponsible. This names just a few of the negative assum ptions that youth have placed upon them nearly, if not, everyday. There are also some positive assumptions made in regard to the youth of today, these are statements like they (the youth) are beginning to understand the importance of education in order to have a chance at a secure future. Youth are very out going and dont have a concern for tomorrow as they privilege to live for today. Youth have a creative imagination, not just towards art and work, but towards life in general and are willing to see to it new skills in order to forward their knowledge, and are being thought of as the future generation. I believe that all of these assumptions have an element of truth, but in the way of being stereotypes. To certain individuals, these assumptions may be true, but not every youth is a trouble maker or a drug addict and so on. As I said before, everyone is an individual and so should be treated as one, and not just as one of them. The reason I think this is because I know that I woul dnt like it if someone treated me the same as other people who are nothing like me. I know that Im not a Druggie or a Know all and so I do not want to be treated the way people treat these sort of youths. Iknow that this is sounding as though I am stereotyping but I am not, I am saying that people do put these groups under headings such as Druggies and they then treat them different.

Emergency department patient satisfaction Essay

Customer returns initiatives in health lot construct become a popular bearing of attempting to improve patient felicity. The effect of clinic everyy focused client portion cultivation on patient satisfaction in the setting of a 62,000-visit exigency segment and level 1 trauma center is investigated. The around dramatic improvement in the patient satisfaction discipline came in ratings of science of the apprehension physician, likeliness of returning, aptitude of the arrest department think about and overall satisfaction. These results suggest that much(prenominal) learn may spell a substantial competitive grocery advantage, as well as improve the patients perception of case and outcome. A practicians response to the case mull is also included. Customer overhaul initiatives in health do by cast become a popular way of attempting to improve patient satisfaction. The effect of clinically focused guest gain readying on patient satisfaction in the setting of a 62,000-visit extremity department and level 1 trauma center is investigated. The most dramatic improvement in the patient satisfaction survey came in ratings of expertness of the emergency physician, likelihood of returning, attainment of the emergency department nurse and overall satisfaction. These results suggest that much(prenominal) readiness may offer a substantial competitive market advantage, as well as improve the patients perception of theatrical role and outcome. A practitioners repsonse to the case prove is also included.Youhave requested on-the-fly machine translation of selected cognitive content from our databases. This functionality is provided solely for your convenience and is in no way think to replace human translation. Show full disclaimer Neither ProQuest nor its licensors make any representations or warranties with respect to the translations. The translations are automatically generated AS IS and AS lendable and are non retained in our systems. P ROQUEST AND ITS LICENSORS SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY AND ALL take out OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES FOR AVAILABILITY, ACCURACY, TIMELINESS, COMPLETENESS, NON-INFRINGMENT, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A point PURPOSE. Your use of the translations is subject to all use restrictions contained in your Electronic Products License Agreement and by using the translation functionality you agree to forgo any and all claims against ProQuest or its licensors for your use of the translation functionality and any output derived there from. Hide full disclaimerTranslations ply by LEC. Translations powered by LEC.Headnotevisit emergency department and level I trauma center. Analysis of patient cathexiss, patient compliments, and a statistically verified patient-satisfaction survey indicate that (1) all 14 key quality characteristics identified in the survey change magnitude dramatically in the drive period (2) patient complaints decreased by over 70 per cent from 2.6 per 1,000 emergency department (ED) visits to 0.6 per 1,000 ED visits next customer return training and (3) patient compliments increase more than 100 percent from 1.1 per 1,000 ED visits to 2.3 per 1,000 ED visits. The most dramatic improvement in the patient satisfaction survey came in ratings of expertness of the emergency physician, likelihood of returning, skill of the emergency department nurse, and overall satisfaction. These results stage that clinically focused customer service training improves patient satisfaction and ratings of physician and nurse skill. They also suggest that such training may offer a substantial competitive market advantage, as well as improve the patients perception of quality and outcome.INTRODUCTIONRecent changes in health do have led to increasing competition and the perceived commercialization of the health care provided to patients. At the same quantify, a need for reaffirmation of the grandness of the patient-physician relat ionship has been expressed in the midst of such powerful forces (Laine and Davidoff 1996 Glass 1996 Pellegrino and Thomasma 1989). One aspect of the patient-physician relationship deserving further strike is the role of customer service training in healthcare. While numerous customer service training tools exist in business and industry, no studies have clearly delineated the efficacy of customer service training for patients in a clinical setting. This study examines the effect of a infallible customer service training program taught by healthcare professionals on patient and family complaints, compliments, and satisfaction in a high-volume high- pungency emergency department.METHODS longanimous Base any patients presenting to the Emergency incision at Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, between May 1, 1994 and April 30, 1995 make the control conference, representing the period prior to emergency department customer service training. patients presenting to the eme rgency department between May 1, 1995 and April 30, 1996 formed the study group, representing the period following customer service training intervention. The mechanism of patient complaint/compliment analysis and the survey criteria were identical in the control and study periods. Patient on the qui vive was assessed by collar measures the number and percentage of patients admitted to the hospital the number and percentage of patients with Current Procedural Terminology 1996 (CPT) evaluation and management (E/M) codes 99281-99285, (Kirschner et al. 1996) and a nursing acuity rating scale (EMERGE, Medicus Systems, Evanston, Illinois). Inova Fairfax Hospital is a 656-bed not-for-profit institution that is a t apieceing hospital, regional referral center, and level I trauma center.Customer Service TrainingAll emergency department staff involved in patient contact (physicians,nurses, ED technicians, registration personnel, core secretaries, social workers, ED radiology, and ED respir atory therapy) were required to attend an eight-hour customer service training program. The numbers and types of staff involved in training are listed in Table 1. Because of logistic limitations, emergency medication residents attended a focused fourhour required training course. The eight-hour program consisted of the following modules basic customer service principles, recognition of patients and customers (Are they patients or customers?), service industry benchmarking leaders, filtrate recognition and management, communication skills, negotiation skills, empowerment, customer service proactivity, service transitions, service fail-safes, change management, and specific customer service core competencies. (More detailed information on the content of these modules is listed in Appendix 1.) These core competencies follow making the customer service diagnosis (in addition to the clinical diagnosis) and providing the right treatment negotiating agreement outcome of patient expectat ions and building moments of truth into the clinical encounter.Following the initial required training, new physicians or ED employees were required to attend identical customer service training within four months of their initial employment. Additional mandatory customer service training updates were offered three times per year and included modules of conflict resolution, customer service skill updates, advanced communication skills, and assertiveness training.Patient triumph DataPatient satisfaction data in both the control and study groups consisted of patient complaints, patient compliments, and a telephone patientsatisfaction survey conducted by an unaffiliated research firm (Shugoll Associates, Rockville, Maryland) that was blinded to the study hypothesis and course content. Patient complaints and/or compliments were systematically identified from all available means, including verbal, written, telephone, or electronic mail sources. Sources of patient complaints, data analy sis, and categorization of complaints were identical in the control and study groups, which was coordinated by hospital quality improvement analysts. EDstaff were instructed to report all potentiality complaints and concerns, regardless of how minor, to appropriate physician or nurse managers in both the control and study periods.Complaints were logged into a central office and were investigated initially by three authors (TM, RC, DR). In cases where classification of type of complaint differed, redundant information and/or clarification was sought from staff, patients, and family. Any discrepancies were resolved by group-consensus techniques. All complaints and the classification thereof were independently reviewed and verified by quality-improvement analysts. Patient complaint and compliment letters were referred for comment or clarification to appropriate ED staff in both the control and study periods.Outpatient satisfaction surveys were conducted by an independent research fir m (completely blinded to the study and its hypothesis) utilizing a 50-item questionnaire to identify key factors in customer satisfaction. This survey instrument was validated on a sample distribution of more than 3,000 patients prior to implementation in either the control or study group. The study used a telephone survey on a randomized number table basis to 100 ED outpatients per quarter (Appendix 2). Logistic regression analysis performed on these data identified 14 areas of more important/key attributes in the ED (see Table 2). Patient compliment and complaint data, as well as acuity data, were subjected to a 2-tailed ttest and the Fisher fill test. Patient satisfaction surveys were subjected to a two-tailed t-test with a 95 percent confidence level.Patient Turnaround successionsPatient backsliding times (TAT) were calculated from time of initial arrival in the ED to either discharge or transfer to an inmate unit. Turnaround times were routinely calculated on each patient and on an aggregate basis by day, month, quarter, and year.RESULTSED Volume/AcuityNeither ED volume nor acuity changed to a statistically pregnant degree between the control and study periods, based on both admission percentage and nursing acuity (see Table 3). Analysis of CPT 96 evaluation and Management Codes showed a statistically significant increase in codes 99283 and 99285, with a similar decrease in codes 99281 and 99284. The number of pediatric patients did not change in a statistically significant fashion during the study period. The only payor mix category to rise in a statistically significant fashion was managed care (p .01), with a nearly identical decrease in commercial insurance. Neither compliments nor complaints correlated with payor category.Patient Turnaround TimeMean patient turnaround time dropped from three hours and 24 minutes (204 minutes) to three hours and seven minutes (187 minutes), but this difference was not statistically significant, nor did the per cent of patients at one and two standard deviations from the mean change in a statistically significant fashion. Patient Compliments The total number of patient compliments rose from 69 in the control period to 141 in the study period, an increase of more than 100 percent (p .00001) (see Table 3). Patient compliment letters reconciledly mentioned warmth, compassion, and skill of the emergency care provider as the reason for contacting management to praise the ED staff. There was no statistical difference between males and females among patient compliments. Patient ComplaintsPatient complaints dropped from 153 in the control period (2.5 complaints per 1,000 ED visits) to 36 in the study period (0.6 complaints per 1,000 ED visits), (p .00001) (see Table 3). Complaints about perceived rudeness, insensitivity, or insufficiency of compassion on the part of ED staff dropped most dramatically. Two-thirds of complaints in the study period were a result of delay times, billing, or delay s in obtaining an inpatient bed, compared to 30 percent in the control period. Nevertheless, complaints regarding waiting times, billing, and wait time for an inpatient bed still decreased 50 percent in the study period (p .001). There were no significant differences in patient complaints based on age or sex, confirming results of the study by Hall and pressure (1996).Patient Satisfaction Survey DataBaseline survey data were subjected to logistical regression analysis that indicated that 14 surveyed areas formed a core group of key satisfaction attributes. All of these 14 attributes showed increases in the study period (p .001, see Table 2). The largest increases were in the following areas skill of the emergency physician, skill of the nurse, likelihood of returning, overall quality of medical care, doctors ability to explain condition, diagnosis, and treatment options, and triage nurses sensitivity to pain.DISCUSSIONThe patient-physician and patient-nurse relationships are argu ably the oldest in the history of medicine. These relationships have recently been depict as being under siege because of an increase in the tension between the art and science of medicine, as well as the strains attendant to changes in the economic structure of healthcare (Glass 1996). To this list may be added a third causative factor the pretermit of rigorous, dinner dress training for healthcare professionals in the customer service fundamentals of the patient-provider relationship.The fundamentals of such training are closely tied to what has traditionally been described as the art of medicine or the concept of beneficence (Pellegrino and Thomasma 1989). Physicians have for the most part learned appropriate patient interaction skills through observing their mentors and peers during the course of graduate medical education. However, there has only recently been substantial study of this important subject (Buller and Buller 1987 Aharony and Strasser 1993).While customer servi ce has been emphasized in American business and industry in recent years (Zeithamal, Parasuraman, and Berry 1990 Jones and Sasser 1995 Reichheld 1996 Berry and Parasuraman 1991 Berry 1995), few training modules are specifically targeted toward physicians and healthcare professionals. For this reason, the authors created an eight-hour customerservice training course for their ED providers, based on principles of adult education, benchmarks from the customer service industry (Sanders 1995 Spectre and McCarthy 1995 Carlzon 1987 Connelan 1997), experience in the clinical setting, and the existing literature on patient satisfaction (Pelligrino and Thomasma 1989 Thompson and Yarnold 1995 Thompson et al. 1996 Bursh, Beezy, and Shaw 1993 Rhee and Bird 1996 Dansk and Miles 1997 Hall and Press 1996 Eisenberg 1997). This literature emphasizes the importance of communication skills, managing information flow, actual versus perceived waiting times, and the communicative quality of physicians a nd nurses. All of these concepts were built into the training modules, including practical clinical examples of behaviors reflecting these and other concepts.Our philosophy in designing this course was simple. Customer service is a skill for which we hold our staff accountable but in which they had never formally been trained. We believed that this dilemma required, at a minimum, two sentinel events to occur. First, the department required to have a clearly articulated and easily understood cultural transformation to a solid commitment to customer service. Second, staff members needed education in a practical, pragmatic fashion regarding precisely how such customer service principles could be applied in the clinical setting. Just as advanced cardiac life support, advanced trauma life support, and pediatric advanced life support courses can be used to improve cardiac, trauma, and pediatric resuscitation, respectively, we believed customer service outcomes could be improved by well-d esigned, mandatory, rigorous application of customer service training.The training was provided by active clinicians involved in day-to-day patient care activities (TAM, RJC). We believe this clinical credibility may have played an important part in the customer service transformation, inasmuch as the staff knew the trainers were well certain of the inherent problems of applying pragmatic customer service skills in a busy emergency department.The data from this study strongly support the hypothesis that clinically based, formal customer service training grounded on these principles candramatically decrease patient complaints, increase patient compliments, and improve patient satisfaction, at least in a high-volume, high-acuity ED. Patient complaints dropped by over 70 percent and compliments more than doubled during the study period, such that patient compliments actually slide by complaints in our 62,000 patient visit emergency department and level I trauma center. National data indicate that ED complaints average between three to five per 1,000 emergency department patients, although no data are available regarding rates of patient compliments (Culhane and Harding 1994). Our emergency department was slightly below that internal standard level even during the control period.Analysis of the patient satisfaction survey data revealed an extremely important trend. Specifically, patients rated skill of the emergency physician, overall quality of medical care, and skill of the ED nurse as three of the most improved areas during the study period compared to the control period, despite the fact that there were no changes in the ED physician staff during the study and there was very little turnover among ED nurses. This strongly implies that patients rate the quality of care and the skill of the physician and nurse based on elements of the customer service interaction. These data suggest an important causal relationship between the technical component of care and t he patient caregiver interaction, which has not been previously demonstrated. It is important to recognize that both customer service and technical skills are competencies to which hospitals and healthcare systems should hold their staff accountable on a daily basis. Hospitals spend substantial dollars to ensure that their staffs are technically competent to deliver quality medical care (Herzlinger 1997). However, to ensure that customer service is impelling, clinically based customer service training is essential to give staff the appropriate skills in the clinical setting to deliver service competently.This concept is indirectly supported by data from Mack and colleagues (1995), who found that satisfaction with interactive aspects of emergency medical care produced higher correlations with measures of future heading to use the service than did satisfaction with medical outcomes themselves. Their study, however, did not undertake interventions to improve the interactive,communica tive aspect of healthcare in that setting. Similarly, Smith and colleagues (1995) evaluated the effect of a four-week training program, focusing on patient interviewing, somatization, patient education, and self-awareness, that was taught to first year internal medicine and family practice residents. Their data were not conclusive, but suggested that some but not all aspects of patient satisfaction could be improved by such training. This study tends to confirm the work of Thompson and colleagues (1996) that demonstrated in a much smaller sample size that expressive quality and management of information flow to the patient had an effect on patient satisfaction. However, their study did not assess the shock of strategies and techniques for ED staff to improve patient satisfaction by improving expressive quality.While several studies (Thompson et al. 1996 Thompson and Yarnold 1996 Dansk and Miles 1997 Hall and Press 1996) have emphasized the importance of waiting time and exceeding p atient expectations regarding length of waiting time, our study demonstrates a dramatic improvement in patient satisfaction without a statistically significant reduction in patient turnaround time. This supports the work of Bursch and colleagues (1993), who found in a study of 258 patients that the five most important variables for patient satisfaction were the amount of time it took before being cared for in the ED, patient ratings of how caring the nurses were, how organized the ED staff was, how caring the physicians were, and the amount of information provided to the patient and family. However, the study did not assess strategies to improve satisfaction based on this knowledge. All of this information was built into the training modules to assist staff with practical strategies to manage waiting time effectively using information flow, queuing theory, and verbal skill training.The implications of the higher ratings of the skill of the emergency physicians and nurses are intrigu ing and could have a far-reaching impact on healthcare. Perhaps the strongest implication is that perceived skill stands as a marker for quality and/or outcome in the mind of patients and their families. It has been shown repeatedly that patient conformance increases with confidence in the physician (Frances, Korsch, and Morris 1969Sharfield et al. 1981 Waggoner, Jackson, and Kern 1981 Schmittdiel et al. 1997). While our study did not directly assess improvements in outcome, quality of care, or appropriateness of care, it certainly appears that patients rated the skill of the healthcare providers as a key quality characteristic in this survey. Furthermore, the fact that ratings of quality of medical care and likelihood of returning also increased dramatically speaks to the importance that effective customer service training may have in offering a competitive market advantage to hospitals and healthcare institutions. This is particularly important as the concept of customer loyalty is closely tied to the likelihood of a patient or their family returning to that healthcare institution. As the focus on outcomes management and evidence-based medicine increases, it is important to take into account the effect that customer service skills have on patients perceptions of quality and outcome.This study may be subject to several criticisms. First, while statistical data on patient compliments and complaints obtained substantial statistical significance, the number of patients contacted for the outpatient satisfaction telephone survey may have resulted in sampling bias. While a larger sampling is planned in the future, the patient satisfaction survey data trends were consistent throughout all quarters and appear to be a valid statistical tool, despite the number of patients sampled. Second, it was not possible to blind those responsible for canvas and classifying complaints and compliments. However, we did attempt to reduce or eliminate possible reporting or observer bias by identifying complaints from all sources and ensuring that all complaints and their classification were reviewed and approved by an author who was not involved in ED operations and by quality improvement analysts. Third, information is not available on national or regional trends of patient complaints and/or satisfaction during the study period. It is possible that the data in this study may reflect local, regional, or national trends toward decreased complaints and increased satisfaction, either globally throughout healthcare or in ED patients specifically.However, this is highly unlikely as no such trends have been previously reported, nor would such trends fully explain the data from this study, even if they were present. The data on patient acuityindicated an increase in CPT codes 99283 and 99285, suggesting a slight trend toward higher patient acuity. This could mean that patients with higher levels of acuity are more satisfied and less likely to complain. No data are av ailable to either prove or disprove this possibility, but the trend toward higher acuity would not appear to completely explain the dramatic improvement seen in this study. Furthermore, the patient-satisfaction telephone survey excluded inpatients, who exist a larger percentage of patients in the 99285 service code. Further study is needed to delineate the relationship of ED patient acuity to satisfaction.Despite these potential limitations, this study demonstrates that clinically based customer training for ED staff can decrease patient complaints and increase patient satisfaction in a large volume, high-acuity ED, and that satisfaction is independent of patient turnaround times. Furthermore, the data support the concept that patients rate the skill of the emergency physician, overall quality of medical care, and skill of the ED nurse significantly higher after such training is provided to the ED staff. Additional studies in ED with different volumes, acuities, and geographic loca tions are needed to demonstrate whether these results can be duplicated. Studies of the impact of customer service training in other healthcare settings would also be of benefit. Nonetheless, clinically focused customer service training has been shown in this study to improve patient satisfaction and ratings of the skill of physicians and nurses. If verified by other studies, customer service training should be considered an important part of graduate and undergraduate medical education to improve both the art and science of the patient-physician relationship.The clinically based customer service training described in this study is now a required part of competency based orientation for all physicians, nurses, residents, and support staff in the emergency department. All professional and non-professional staff interviewed for positions in the emergency department are advised of the institutions strong commitment to customer service training and the necessity of attending the require d training course. As healthcare increasingly emphasizes accountability for customer service in its staff, it is increasingly important that practical andeffective customer service training is provided.While not directly addressed in this study, the data on ratings of quality of medical care, skill of the physician and nurses, and likelihood of returning strongly suggest that effectively completing the customer service transition offers a competitive market advantage to hospitals and healthcare systems.ReferencesAharony, L., and S. Strasser. 1993. Patient Satisfaction What We Know About and What We Still Need to Explore. Medical Care Review 50 (1) 49-79. Berry, L. L. 1995. On Great Service A Framework for Action. in the raw York bighearted Press. Berry, L. L., and A. Parasuraman. 1991. Marketing Services Competing Through Quality. New York Free Press. Butler, M. K., and D. B. Buller. 1987. Physicians Communication Style and Patient Satisfaction. Journal of Health and Social Behavi or 28 (4) 375-88. Bursh, B., J. Beezy, and R. Shaw. 1993. Emergency Department Satisfaction What Matters Most? Annals of Emergency medicine 22 586-91. Carlzon, J. 1987. Moments of Truth New Strategies for Todays Customer-Driven Economy. New York Ballinger Publishing.Connelan, T. 1997. Inside the wizard(prenominal) Kingdom. Austin, TX Bard Press. Culhane, D. E., and P. J. Harding. 1994. Quality in Customers Great Expectations. Presented to the American College of Emergency Physicians Management Academy, Boston, Massachusetts, May 19, 1994. Dansk, K. H., and J. Miles. 1997. Patient Satisfaction with Ambulatory Healthcare Services delay Time and Follow-up Time. Hospitals and Health Services Administration 42 (2) 165-77. Eisenberg, B. 1997. Customer Service in Healthcare. Hospitals and Healthcare Services Administration 42 ( 1 ) 17-32.Frances, V, B. M. Korsch, and M. J. Morris. 1969. Gaps in Doctor-Patient Communication. Patients Response to Medical Advice. New England Journal of mu sic. 280 535-49. Glass, R. M. 1996. The Patient-Physician Relationship JAMA Focuses on the Center of Medicine. Journal of the American Medical Association 275 147-48. Hall, M. F., and I. Press. 1996.Keys to Patient Satisfaction in the Emergency Department Results of a Multiple Facility Study. Hospitals and Healthcare Administration 41 (4) 515-32. Herzlinger, R. 1997. Market-Driven HealthCare. New York Free Press. Inova Health System. 1997. Outpatient Satisfaction Research. Shugoll Research. Rockville, MD. Jones, T. O., and W. E. Sasser, Jr. 1995. why Satisfied Customers Defect. Harvard Business Review 73 88-99. Kirschner, C. G., R. C. Burkett, G. M. Kotowicz, et al. 1996. Physicians Current Procedural Terminology-CPT 96, ed 5. Chicago American Medical Association. Laine, C., and F. Davidoff. 1996. PatientCentered Medicine A Professional Evolution lournal of the AmericanMedical Association 275 152-56. Mack, J. L., K. M. File, J. E. Horwitz, and R. A. Prince. 1995. The Effect of Urgen cy on Patient Satisfaction and Future Emergency Department Choice. Health Care Management Review 20 7-15. Pellegrino, E. D., and D. C. Thomasma. 1989. For the Patients Good The Restoration of Beneficence in Health Care. New York Oxford University Press. Rhee, K., and J. Bird. 1996. Perceptions in Satisfaction with Emergency Department Care. Journal of Emergency Medicine 14 679-83.Reichheld, E E 1996. Learning from Customer Defections. Harvard Business Review 74 56-69. Sanders, B. 1995. Fabled Service Ordinary Acts, Extraordinary outgrowths. San Diego Pfeiffer and Company. Schmittdiel, J., J. V. Selby, K. Grumbach, and C. P. Quesenberry. 1997. Choice of a private Physician and Patient Satisfaction in a Health Maintenance Organization. Journal of the American Medical Association 278 (19) 1596-1612. Sharfield, B., C. Wray, K. Hess, and E. M. Smith. 1981. The Influence of Patient-Practitioner Agreement on Outcome of Care. American Journal of Public Health 71 127-31. Smith, R. C., J. S . Lyles, J. A. Mettler, et al. 1995. A Strategy for Improving Patient Satisfaction by the Intensive Training of Residents in Psychosocial Medicine A Controlled, Randomized Study Academic Medicine 70 729-32. Spectre, R., and P. D. McCarthy. 1995. The Nordstrom Way The Inside Story of Americas 1 Customer Service Company. New York John Wiley and Sons.Thompson, D. A., P. R. Yarnold, D. R. Williams, and S. L. Adams. 1996. Effects of Actual Waiting Time, Perceived Waiting Time, Information Delivery, and Expressive Quality on Patient Satisfaction in the Emergency Department Annals of Emergency Medicine 28 657-65. Thompson, D. A., and P. R. Yarnold. 1995. Relating Patient Satisfaction to Waiting Time Perceptions and Expectations The Disconfirmation Paradigm. Academic Emergency Medicine 2 1057-62. Thompson, D. A., P. R. Yarnold, S. L. Adams, and A. B. Spaccone. 1996. How Accurate Are Waiting Time Perceptions of Patients in the Emergency Department? Annals of Emergency Medicine 28 652-56. Wag goner, D. M., E. B. Jackson, and D. E. Kern. 1981. Physician Influence on Patient Compliance A clinical Trial. Annals of Emergency Medicine 10 348-52. Zeithamal, V. A., A. Parasuraman, and L. L. Berry. 1990. Delivering Quality Service Balancing Customer Perceptions and Expectations. New York Free Press. You have requested on-the-fly machine translation of selected content from our databases. This functionality is provided solely for your convenience and is in no way intended to replace human translation. Show full disclaimer Neither ProQuest nor its licensors make any representations or warranties with respect to the translations. The translations are automatically generated AS IS and AS AVAILABLE and are not retained in our systems. PROQUEST AND ITS LICENSORS SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES FOR AVAILABILITY, ACCURACY, TIMELINESS, COMPLETENESS, NON-INFRINGMENT, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR P URPOSE. Your use of the translations is subject to all use restrictions contained in your Electronic Products License Agreement and by using the translation functionality you agree to forgo any and all claims against ProQuest or its licensors for your use of the translation functionality and any output derived there from. Hide full disclaimerTranslations powered by LEC. Translations powered by LEC.

Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibilty Essay

Business ethics and corporate social responsibility Introduction Anglo American is wizard of the worlds leading mining companies. It is a UK humankind limited company and operates on a global scale. Anglo American operates mainly in the simple sector of the world economy. This, as the name suggests, covers industries involved in the first stage of economic activity, such as mining and agriculture. Anglo American operates throughout the world. It has bulky motions in Africa, where 76% of its employees live. It is also a major employer in Europe.Its Tarmac aggregates and construction products descent employs nearly 7,000 people in the UK. As a base producer, Anglo American plays an all-important(a) role in the world economy. Anglo American produces five main types of raw material. Business ethics Corporate social responsibility Effects of ethical behaviour Benefits of ethical behaviour Public limited company a company whose sh bes argon traded on the London Stock Exchange, denoted by the initials plc. Primary sector the first stage in producing goods.Pressure group an organisation formed by people with a common interest who prolong together to further that interest, for example, nongovernmental organisations. Ethics moral principles or rules of conduct and behaviour accepted by members of society. Corporate social responsibility the responsibility of an organisation to wider society, to a range of stakeholders including the community and society at large. Mining operations can have a big impact on the environment and on the societies where they work. Since most tapral resources belong to nation states, mining companies largely depend upon a licence to operate from governments.This allows them to extract and process minerals in return for investment and the payment of taxes and royalties. Increasingly it is also important to get the consent of local communities to mining ripening a social licence to operate. Like all wrinklees, mining companies are nether increasing scrutiny from pressure groups as well as the general public. Anglo American seeks to adopt fair and sound business practice. The company banks that it has an important role to play in building the capabilities of the communities where it works.Issues such as combating corruption and promoting revenue transparency are high on the companys business agenda. This case study shows how Anglo American seeks to reconstruct ethical choices in its business practice. What are business ethics? Business ethics are moral principles that bunk the way a business behaves. The same principles that determine an individuals actions also apply to business. Acting in an ethical way involves distinguishing between discipline and wrong and then making the right choice. It is relatively easy to identify unethical business practices.For example, companies should not occasion child labour. They should not unlawfully office copyrighted materials and processes. They should not engage in bribery. However, it is not always easy to create similar hard-and-fast definitions of good ethical practice. A company must make a competitive return for its shareholders and treat its employees fairly. However a company also has wider responsibilities. It should minimise any harm to the environment and work in ways that do not deadening the communities in which it operates. This is known as corporate social responsibility.ANGLO AMERICAN 25 www. thetimes100. co. uk The law is the key starting shoot for for any business. Most leading businesses also have their own statement of Business Principles which set out their core values and standards. In Anglo Americans case, this is called Good Citizenship. A business should also follow relevant codes of practice that cover its sector. Many companies have created voluntary codes of practice that regulate practices in their industrial sector. These are often drawn up in consultation with governments, employees, local communities and o ther stakeholders.Anglo American has played an active part in initiatives such as the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, the join Nations Global Compact and the Global Reporting Initiative. GLOSSARY Code of practice written guidelines governing business behaviour. This could take the form of a voluntary code or a legally enforced set of regulations. Universal Declaration of Human Rights a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948 outlining human rights that should apply to all people. Engagement the process of involving others in the decision making process.Anglo American has also contributed to the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights. This code sets out principles and practices for ensuring that a companys need to ensure the security of its employees and operations in volatile countries does not adversely impact upon the local population. Thus the Principles contribute guidance on how both private and public security forces assig ned to protect a mining operation or an oil and gas facility should be vetted, trained in human rights, monitored and controlled.Anglo American also aims to ensure that it plays a role in defend the human rights of its employees and local people in countries in which it operates. The company supports the principles set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. All companies need to make a profit. However, Anglo American recognises that this objective must take account of ethics as shown in its statement on corporate responsibility Though providing powerful returns for our shareholders remains our prime objective, we do not believe that these can or should be achieved at the expense of social, environmental and moral considerations.Indeed a long-run business such as ours will only thrive if it also takes into account the needs of other stakeholders such as governments, employees, suppliers, communities and customers. An important process use by Anglo American is that of stakeholder engagement. This enables it better to understand the perspectives and priorities of external groups that are simulateed by its activities and to factor them into its decision-making processes. To support this work at a local level, Anglo American has developed a Socio-Economic Assessment Toolbox or SEAT process.This toolbox helps managers to measure the impact of activities on the company and communities. It also helps to improve a mines contribution to development through, for example, using its supply chain needs to generate new businesses or to improve the water or electricity infrastructure. They use this toolbox to engage with stakeholders including community representatives. 26 Sometimes communities have to be resettled, with government sanction, in order for important mineral deposits to be accessed. This can hold controversy and divisions in the communities concerned.International best practice sets out a number of key stages in such a process including the ne ed for organize consultation, fair compensation and the importance of restoring and enhancing the livelihoods of people in their new locations. Recently Anglo American has had to undertake two such relocations in southwesterly Africa at the villages of Ga Pila and Motlhotlo. These were undertaken with the support of the provincial government and local tribal leadership and after consultation with local people lasting for several years leading to understanding with each householder.New villages have been built with better houses and infrastructure and more land for farming. The relocation programme was voluntary. The relocation programme at Motlhotlo is still under way but at Ga Pila 98% of those living in the old village took up the offer to move to the new village. www. thetimes100. co. uk GLOSSARY authority giving responsibility for making decisions to lower levels within the organisation or community. Indigenous naturally existing in a place or democracy rather than arriving from another place. Why should a business act ethically?Businesses have great potential to transform peoples lives and to alleviate meagerness through generating economic growth. They produce goods and services that customers want and they create jobs. Through paying taxes, they contribute to government revenue that can finance schools, hospitals and other public services. However, a business must keep in tune with the wishes of the societies it serves or it runs the risk of alienating its shareholders, stakeholders and customers. This would be bad for business, reducing growth and potentially alter profit.Anglo American has to deal with many different levels of interest when setting up a new project. This includes, for example, the owners of the land and the people and services in the area. The current southeastern African government has a policy of transferring a share of the ownership, management and benefits of the countrys mining industry to people previously excluded from the economy. Anglo American is reenforcement the South African government in this process. This includes supporting black economic empowerment deals (BEE). Through this process, Anglo American has sold (usually at a small discount) 26% of its assets in South Africa to BEE groups.For example, Anglo American was instrumental in the creation of Exxaro. This is now the largest black-owned and managed mining company listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. It also aims to have at least 40% of its managers drawn from the ranks of previously disadvantaged ethnic groups. Governments in the developing world face many challenging social and economic problems. They need companies that are ready to be part of the solution. Anglo American believes that it can support governments in reducing poverty and inequality and in improving health and welfare.In South Africa, the company has been a major campaigner for AIDS education. It was the first major company in South Africa to announce that it w ould provide free anti-retroviral drugs to its HIV-positive employees. It now has the largest work HIV/AIDS education, voluntary testing and treatment programme in the world. After running the programme for five years studies have shown that the programme has bring about self-financing through reducing deaths and the attendant loss of skills and cutting absenteeism rates by boosting the health of infected workers.What are the effects of playing ethically? Most business activity incurs financial costs such as equipment and labour. Non-financial costs include noise and impact on the environment. There is a financial cost to acting ethically. To engage stakeholders takes time and money. Mining in ways that minimise environmental impacts is more expensive than extracting resources regardless of impact. An ethical business also recognises its responsibility for minimising the non-financial costs. The Pebble lying-in in Alaska is a good example of the way that Anglo American takes acc ount of non-financial costs.This is a gold and copper mining project in the early stages of assessment. This could provide new jobs and revenues for the Alaskan economy at a time when oil and gas revenues have been falling. However, some people are concerned that the mine could damage fish stocks and wildlife. Therefore, Anglo American has been consulting widely and through a structured process with local people, politicians, businesses and especially indigenous people. 27 ANGLO AMERICAN Anglo American has made it discipline that it will only seek to proceed with the project if it can be done without damage to the local fisheries.It will also give priority to the recruitment of local people. www. thetimes100. co. uk The benefits of ethical behaviour Anglo American establishes goals each year for sustainable development. These goals include working without fatal accidents eliminating occupational diseases increasing diversity in the employment increasing the benefits of mining for local communities increasing energy efficiency. By working towards these goals, Anglo American hopes to gain a competitive advantage. By demonstrating a more care and sustainable approach, the company is able to differentiate itself from rival mining companies.It makes Anglo American more uniformly to be the partner of choice for many governments and communities in the developing world. It also helps with its position on the stock market. Most long-term investors, such as pension funds that run investments for millions of ordinary people in the UK, believe that it is important for a company to consider social and ethical issues and not just the financial bottom line if a business is to be sustainable. Anglo American sees shareholder returns and social and environmental responsibilities as complementary activities.This puts the company in a stronger position. All stakeholders benefit shareholders, employees, governments, local communities and suppliers. GLOSSARY Sustainable development development which meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to achieve their own needs and aspirations. Competitive advantage a strategic element that enables an organisation to postulate more effectively than its rivals. Governance the process of making decisions and governing. Conclusion Anglo American is a multinational organisation with a high profile in the primary extractive sector.Because many new mineral deposits are to be found in developing countries, some of which have weak governance, Anglo American recognises that it must be compressed in observing local laws, even if they are not always enforced. It has a significant role in supporting good governance initiatives and boosting the opportunities open to the communities associated with its mines. The company is involved in a range of initiatives to help these communities, such as AIDS testing and provision of new local services like schools and clinics.Its socio-economic ass essment toolbox helps it measure its impact and engage with local communities to resolve issues and to underpin initiatives like small business development or partnerships with local farmers. The quantify Newspaper Limited and MBA Publishing Ltd 2008. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure accuracy of information, neither the publisher nor the client can be held responsible for errors of default or commission. The financial and non-financial benefits to the company and shareholders are shown in several ways.Anglo American is trusted as a business partner that takes into account social and environmental issues. It has licence to operate in countries like South Africa, Brazil or Chile, where it is playing an important part in encouraging local business development. Questions 1. What are business ethics? Give two examples of business practices that stakeholders would regard as ethical and two that might be considered unethical. 2. The benefits of ethical business behaviour affec t the business itself and the wider community.Taking an example of an Anglo American business project, identify the benefits to the local community and to the companys shareholders. 3. How is Anglo Americans reputation enhanced by engaging with local communities in decision-making? Why is it important for this engagement to be an ongoing process? 4. Some business decisions involve a careful match of social, economic and environmental considerations. Evaluate how Anglo American achieves that balance, using examples from the case study.

Economic Interdependence Essay

Between 1939 and 1945, World War II took the lives of over 60 million people worldwide, making it the deadliest army machine contrast in the history of mankind. These statistics argon so staggering that if famine were hypothetically eradicated from the earth, contend would stand as the largest executi onenessr of mankind. With that in mind, it would be near to assume that todays global leaders argon in no way in favor of engaging in an armed conflict with a nonher nation.Sadly, this is not necessarily the case we see in reality wars are still be fought to attain fundamental components such(prenominal) as district or political freedom. There are, however, supposed aspects in todays globalized society that allows political leaders to pr neverthelesst military disputes from occurring in the first place. The head then becomes is it possible to close out or diminish war onset amid dyads and if so, how? It is important to ask this question mainly because war is still very(preno minal) much a relevant aspect in our current international system.From the Gulf War to the War on Terror in the Middle East, military conflict seems to be the go-to option for a country seeking to achieve their goal when no other choice seems vi qualified. In essence, war still occurs raze in the relatively evolved society we currently inhabit because it has historically proved that brute trace is at beats the just practical option. The Ameri tramp revolutionary War, for example, demonstrated that the colonies did not have the luxury of simply geting their independence from Britain.The colonists had no choice but to fight for their freedom in order to become independent. such historical instances demonstrate what war can accomplish, thus justifying why countries save war as a last resort. The majority of the time, however, military disputes are not the best course of action to undergo so finding a way to prevent war is a nations best alternative. By no means does this questio n have a definitive answer since war is a highly perplex, multi-faceted phenomenon but I allow attempt to purport the best strategy leaders can take to reduce the surmisal of war.In this paper I willing call attention to several theoretical answers to the research question above, each with their own advantages and faults. The possible solutions to decrement military conflicts surrounded by dyads are based upon the governmental aspects of each country such as regime type or levels of guile and their influence on the relationship with another nation. The most recognized theories that could reduce the likeliness of war are the participatory calm surmise, balance of forcefulness supposition and the commercial pause theory.The validity of each of these theories will be outlined to highlight their potential to help dyads ward off armed conflict. However, the latter theory will be the focus of this paper as my hypothesis stems from the belief that an increase in economic i nterdependence at bottom a dyad leads to an boilers suit decrease in militarized interstate disputes (MIDs) surrounded by that dyad. In order to validate my argument, I will first restore an argument for each theory and then continue by creating a case that job truly diminishes war.First, the Democratic peace theory is defined as a theory in political science and philosophy which holds that democraciesspecifically, escaped democraciesalmost never go to war with one another (Gartzke 2000). The idea derriere democracies do not fight one another is sustained by the fact that when two democracies confront one another in conflicts of interest, they are able to effectively employ democratic bargaining in their interaction, which then prevents most disagreements from escalating to a military conflict.In a struggle between democracies, by the time the two states are militarily ready for war, diplomats have had the opportunity to find a nonviolent solution to the dispute (Gartzke 2000 ). The concept behind democratic peace bears a close resemblance to a them vs. us mentality. Countries take more into account what other likeminded states think of them over the ones with a completely different organize and ideals it is easier to rally with people of the same beliefs.Nations that share democratic principles will be more concerned with pushing that same mindset and threatened by argue regimes extending their reach, thus leading democracies to rely on each other. It is more beneficial being on the same side, than it is against one another. Unfortunately, the Democratic peace theory begins to spring falling apart at the seams once you take into shell outation the foundation that defines democratic peace. The first problems stems from the inaccurate definition of democracy, which calls into question the alleged evidence in support of the theory.Methodology used in collecting entropy to test whether or not a country is democratic is unscientific and democracies have been mired in conflict with each other at a much higher rate than what the proponents have determined. Even if the definition of democracies were accurately outlined, the current data would still be insufficient to establish a causal link between the democratic political institutions of a state and the frequency with which that state will engage in conflicts with other democracies (Layne 1994).The relative peace between democracies may just as well be the consequence of the international forcefulness anatomical structure of recent decades. If such is true, the very foundation of the democratic peace theory collapses. Next, the balance of business leader theory centers on the idea that when one nation or coalition increases its spot or employ it more assertively, threatened states will respond by increase their own power, usually by creating a counter-balancing alliance.Since the pass over of major players in the international system, e. g. he United States, the balance of pow er among the most powerful states has been a delicate aspect that can potentially effect complications or prevent them altogether. For example, if China were to somehow generate enough momentum and overthrow the United States in terms of global power, the US would most seeming become agitated and retaliate with armed force. Alternatively, it can also act as a component for peace a defeated nation can receive leniency from the major power and allow them to reestablish themselves prior to their conflict.The most important means affecting the relation between the distribution of power and the likelihood of war is whether the terms of a compromise agreement that might be accepted in lieu of war affect the relative power of the antagonists and therefore the probability that the agreement will be enforced (Wagner 1994). Thus the relationship one can expect between the distribution of power and the likelihood of war depends on the specific instances that a dyad is faced with. The proble m with the balance of power theory is that it is prone to security dilemmas, a concept that is loosely integrated within the balance of power.With security dilemmas, none can feel at ease because both sides of a dyad want to match their power to the other, creating a never-ending quest for power. A nations possession of power no matter how much the state tries to guarantee others that it is for defensive purposes only will likely result in fear and/or suspicion from the opposing side. Thus, military disputes are expected to occur even when political motives for war like territorial disputes, revenge, etc. are absent. Nineteenth century Europe fosters many examples of how security dilemmas and balance of power created tension between states.The lack of overall authority in Europe meant that a self-help system of alliance and military force dominated the region (Wagner 1994). The justification touted by states to acquire military force was constantly outfitted as a solution of a threat to the equilibrium of the international system, which in turn validates the idea that balance of power theory acted as a cause of war in the nineteenth century. While democratic peace and balance of power theories offer intriguing premises to prevent war, they fall rook in the end.Although there are several potential answers to the research question, I believe the truest method of inhibiting military disputes between two nations lies within the dyads economic interdependency. When it comes to the effect of economic interdependency among states, political experts are torn between two explanations. More specifically, states that are interdependent are either believed to be less likely to initiate militarized conflict the liberal approach or follow the realist view where bilateral trade doesnt necessarily lead to conflict mitigation.There is compelling data on both sides of this argument but extensive research has led me to believe that the liberal perspective of trade follow s this relationship more closely. The economic relationship that states share is imperative in determining whether or not they will uphold peace in order to facilitate greater benefits in the future. Economic interdependence, as explained by Gartzke, has multiple facets that embody this relationship between a dyad such as trade share, trade dependence and trade openness.Gartzke finds that these variables each have their distinct relationship with dyadic conflict, demonstrating that trade dependence and openness both decrease the probability of MID onset (2003). He notes that trade share, however, coincides with Barbieris findings, which indicates an increased probability for MID onset. Barbieri supports the conservative approach and states although war sometimes leads to a passing decline in the level of dyadic trade, in most instances war has no permanent long-term effect on trading relationships and, in fact, trade often increases in the postwar period (Barbieri 1999).Even though Barbieris study makes a compelling argument, there is more evidence to support the claim that bilateral trading diminishes the chance of militarized disputes since trade mediates any tension that exists and reinforces their relationship at the international level. Nations, as rational actors in the diplomatic system, will consider trade agreements accordingly with other nations in order to gain goods and services to increase the well being of their state. This relationship between states is an important factor that will determine their rate of trade and whether or not they go to war with one another. sane choice says that if the state is indeed rational, then their preferences are stable and transitive so they will always prefer to diminish any chance of war era at the same time benefiting from dyadic trade. Trade acts as a stabilizing force between the dyad and will prefer positive reinforcement (i. e. trade) versus negative reinforcement (i. e. war), hence transitivity. Rational choice therefore leads to the utility maximizing concept where states weigh the pros and cons of waging war on a state where mutual trade agreements take place.States will consider the most beneficial trades to maximize their gain but will also contemplate even the most miniscule trades in order to accelerate the possibility of greater trade in the future. The expectations of future trade impact the expected value of the trading option if a state decides to forgo war (Copeland 1996). In other words, although economic exchange may not offer immediate substantial gains, prospective trade opportunities prevent states from initiating conflict.Trade allows states to mutually benefit from one another while states that dont trade gain nothing. Reed argues, trading states can expect to gain less from a militarized clang than would nontrading states and, as a result, are more likely to accept a bargained outcome short of militarized conflict (2003). If that benefit were no longer being exc hanged, i. e. , trade, then the trading states would rather resolve their issue through negotiations rather than militarized conflict to continue receiving the benefit.In other words, the aforementioned relationship between trading and interstate conflict describes my causal process where an increase in bilateral trade leads to a decrease in MIDs. By choosing to exchange goods and/or services with states regardless of their contribution size, they are directly diminishing the probability of going to war with the opposing state. Alternatively, the relationship is reversed when trade is absent between a dyad since there is nothing to inhibit one another from attacking.Another benefit that comes from high levels of commercial exchange is described as the information-maximizing theory a belief that bilateral trade not only produces benefits from tangible goods but also intangible benefits such as increased information, which reduces the likelihood of aversion between the dyad (Reed 200 3). Economic interdependence mitigates the effect of uncertainty through transparency and full disclosure agreements that lead to an enhanced probability of settlement short of militarized conflict.Interdependent states prefer the benefits gained from trade tangible or intangible because it allows the states to become more informed on their opponents costs of war than would nontrading states. Even when lively commercial exchange is low or non-existent, positive expectations for future trade will produce a positive expected value for trade, and therefore an motivator for continued peace.From 1971 to 1973 and in the late 1980s the two main periods of cooperation between the Cold War superpowers positive signs from U.S. leaders led to trade being importantly increased, which coaxed the Soviets into a more cooperative relationship, reducing the probability of war (Copeland 1996). The Cold War exemplifies the idea that trade can act as a mediator, even among opposing superpowers. T rade agreements are effective means to ensure peaceful relationships among other states. Economic interdependency creates the ability to build beneficial trade arrangements, increasing state resources and improving the dyads collective relationship.The correlation between interdependence and MID onset is important not only for dyads that trade at higher levels but also for those with minimal trade amounts. Furthermore, the magnitude of trade does not play an influential role in determining the importance of the trade agreement since prospective gains always outweigh a militarized strike. If we ask ourselves again if it is possible to prevent or diminish war onset between dyads, it becomes clear that preventing military disputes stems from having a well established trade arrangement.It is irrelevant if the countries are both democracies or if they are similarly matched in military power the only thing that really matters is whether a dyad exchanges goods and/or services. Consider th e United States and China today one is a democratic, military superpower while the other is a socialist state with no exceptional global power. Yet they share a relatively prosperous, mutually beneficial commercial relationship. No matter which way you view it, trade acts as the greatest approach for peace.

The Impact Listening Skills to Self-Disclosure In A Marital and Romantic Relationship

Relationships are strengthened by wakeless talk. There are many aspects of communication that ultimately affect the quality of ones relationships. It is of sideline that we discover the impact of a certain communication skill on relationships. This essay too deals with the effect of audience skills on the quality of matrimonial and grow man-woman relationships. Having all other factors constant this essay deals only with the effect of auditory modality skills on the relationship quality of the individuals in a marital and romantic relationship.The settings for all(prenominal) relationship is unique therefore the degree of communication skill implyed for the relationship varies. Before going into the details, we must first define the factors striked in the relationships mentioned. These factors are the listening skills of the individuals involved in a marital and romantic relationship. As Pickering (1981) notes, listening skills are of the most important communication skil ls needed, to have a good relationship. Next is the relationship quality which is defined as the value or worth of the relationship (Mie, 2005).Lastly, relationship, a term that widens in scope as people wander to different aspects of interpersonal relationships, is taken into thoughtfulness (Zuroff & Neil, 1999). The researcher chose to focus on two similar relationship settings, which are the marital and shape up man-woman romantic relationship. Hence, this essay focuses on the evidences that prove the arrogant impact of good listening skills on the practice of self-disclosure of the individuals in a marital and romantic relationship. partake 3 Listening Skills Studies show that the impact of communication, specifically listening skills in relationships is immense.One must chose the right communication tool to improve ones relationships. Studies show that people who square off us are those who are active listeners (Pickering 1981). A study was done comparing the difference a midst couples who undergo communication course of study and those who didnt. Results showed that those who undergo the communication program to enhance their communication skills have a higher tendency of success in their relationships in the long run compared to those who did not undergo the program (Yalcin & Karahan, 2007).One of the most important aspects of communication is the listening skills. According to White (2006), good communicators are emphatic listeners who apply effective listening in relationships. Individuals in the relationships should be good communicators. There is a difference surrounded by hearing and listening. Hearing only deals with the physical processes as one hears sounds from the environment, while listening engages the individual to realise with the speaker in terms of the emotions and opinions behind the words spoken.Shepherd (2007) notes that most of the marriage failures happen because of the wish of communication. We can attribute the lack of co mmunication also with the lack of listening skills in the relationship. Programs to improve communication between individuals in relationships, especially marital relationships, exist to help couples improve their relationship by increasing their communication skills. These programs prove to be helpful in terms of the self-disclosure that happens between individuals in relationships thus the relationship develops (Riesch, et al, 2003). Impact 4Relationship Quality Quality in this context authority the satisfaction or value of the relationship which is translated as the openness of the persons involved in the relationship. The increase of value the individuals give to others the relationship improve the quality of their relationship. Studies underpin that relationships increase in value as the individuals in it improve their communication skills (Yalcin & Karahan, 2007). Self-disclosure is in effect one of the aspects that determine relationship quality, in this context- in the mar ital and romantic relationship.Dion (1998), conducted a study showing that people who are secure in their relationships, practicing higher self-disclosure with other individuals, have higher relationship satisfaction as compared to those who are insecure or those who lack close communication, self-disclosure with their partners. This study tells us that self-disclosure does not only improve the relationship of the individuals per se, but also improves ones self-image. This can be seen when self-disclosure is practiced and individuals in the relationship affirms the other, thus improving ones self-image and improved communication in the relationship.Mie (2005) further asserted that self-disclosure is also defined as willingness of persons to confide or be open to other individuals. It can then be acknowledged that good self-disclosure in a relationship increases its value, and improves ones self-image in the relationship. And in relations this, listening skills are clearly needed to have good self-disclosure. As self-disclosure deals with the openness of individuals in a relationship, listening skills are needed to have effective self-disclosure between individuals.Self-disclosure is thus, one of the most important factors affecting the quality of close relationships (Levinger & Rands, 1985). Impact 5 Relationships There are many aspects that may affect relationships. The relationships taken into consideration in this essay are the marital and romantic relationship. Studies show that relationship between parents or couples is one of the most important factors that improve the relationship of the family as a whole, thus the first influence that affects the family relationship is the parents (Riesch, et al, 2003).The relationship between the husband and wife will greatly determine the relationship established in the family. It is crucial for the parents to have a solid, healthy relationship, with the assumption that they have children in the family. Parrott (1995 ) stated that couples who listen intently at to each one others opinions and ideas will strengthen the relationship. The to a greater extent couples practice listening, self-disclosure is easier therefore the relationship will grow (Jorgensen & Gaudy1980).In Parrotts book, a couple cited tips on how to develop relationship with one another- this was to actively listen to each other. As mentioned above hearing and listening are different concepts. Listening must be practiced in relationships for it to develop. In the romantic relationship between a male and a female, the factors that affect their relationship are somehow similar to that of a marital relationship. The difference may be with the external factors of the relationship.Marital relationships involve external influences such as conjugal responsibilities of their direct family, financial factors, and others. Zuroff & Duncan (1999) conducted a study ab go forth the effect of self-disclosure in college students in romantic rel ationships, and found out that they are largely influenced by their peers, and unpredictable emotions cause them to easily change their minds about relationships. Thus in this type of relationship, there is a greater need to apply listening skills, to improve the quality of their relationships. Impact 6The same principles of listening skills can be applied for both marital and crowing man-woman romantic relationship, to instantaneously improve their self-disclosure and their relationship as a whole. There are many benefits for a healthy relationship between couples and romantic relationships alike. A study tear down shows how good relationship affects the physiological well-being of the persons in the relationship (Yalcin & Karahan, 2007). Conclusion We have already established the importance of communication skills and its direct effect on relationship quality in marital and romantic relationships as have been mentioned in this essay.Evidences were given to prove the importance of these factors in relation to the marital and adult man-woman romantic relationships. Based on the studies shown, communication skills, specifically listening skills, have a direct relationship with the quality of the marital and romantic relationship, where as the listening skills improve, so does the practice of self-disclosure in the said relationships. We can also conclude that increased self-disclosure in a relationship improves its value, therefore the relationship develops.Self-disclosure also has positive effects on the individual practicing it, where self-image can be improved compared to those who dont practice it. Thus, self-disclosure affects not only the relationship at large, but also the individuals practicing it in the relationship. Lastly, relationships in the marital and romantic settings are different in external influences but similar in the need for effective listening skills that causes good self-disclosure in the relationship.

Medieval baghdad

Europe there was the Saxons, the Vikings and the franks, these were the three sides of conflict. Europe was filled with violence, illiterate people, superstition and no medical knowledge. They still believed that unsoundness was caused by evil spirits or god(s).. The Islamic empire can reveal a respect for knowledge from all cultures this do it significant. In their hospitals and pharmacies they would let any wizard practice as a doctor. Also they would let anyone be a patient no matter what culture, country or religion. This reveals that the Islamic empire was conscientiously tolerant.It also is remarkable as the scholars were the first people to build hospitals with different wards for different illnesses. The scholars also collected knowledge from all countries and religions because it didnt what race you are, if you rent sassy knowledge it was valuable. They collected knowledge from India, china, Greece, Italy, all over the empire in fact it would take someone a whole year t o go from one side of the empire to the other. This shows that they were willing to give up at least a year of their time to collect knowledge.Medieval Baghdad should be remembered for the contribution it made to our lives today. The scholars discoveries in medicine are still relevant today as they were the first people to do complicated surgeries. This includes cesareans and eye surgeries. What was remarkable was the fact that they had a 60% success rate on the eye surgeries. Our knowledge of medicinal practices would non be advanced if it were not for them. The scholars gathered information like a new way of writing rime. This meant that they could write all the numbers from O to infinity with only 10 humbly.The person who did this was called AAA-Swarming. In fact we would not have any computerized technology without the numbers O or 1. This resulted in change as they found a whole new way Of writing numbers which actually made calculations easier. The layout of the city of Bagh dad which had double walls and only certain places that you could enter inspired the design of the castles in Europe. Our castle would not the same in any way, shape or form if it were not for the architects designing the city of Baghdad.Also they would not have defended s well if it were not for them either. The reason we do not remember Baghdad for what it used to be is because there is no record of the books they wrote or that they collected the knowledge. Baghdad lost power over its empire as the smaller caliphs decided that they did not want to know more about science, math or astronomy. People called the Mongols destroyed the library which had held all of the books and knowledge that they had spent so long collecting.

Characteristics of Expository

Essays I read were on Lucy Stone and cochlear Implants. Author Jone Johnson Lewis wrote a mini-biography virtually Lucy Stone using cartridge holder order technique. She had lots of facts on Lucy Stone, starting with how Lucy Stone was the first woman in Massachusetts to earn a college spot and first to keep her own name after marriage. She then wrote when and where Lucy Stone was born and went into more details about Lucy Stones Life from her puerility till her death.Author Jamie Berke wrote about Cochlear Implants. He implemented Topic technique to write on Cochlear Implants. He began his introduction with how long Cochlear Implants have been around, and what Cochlear Implants (also known as internal hearing aid) are. He clarified on how Cochlear Implants work and for whom it is made for. In the end the reason introduced himself, and explained the reasons he had for getting Cochlear Implants.Each author, Jone Johnson Lewis and Jamie Berke, preferred different approach in order to write a well written paper. The techniques, Jone Johnson Lewis utilise time order, so she can write about Lucy Stones struggle from birth till death for womans right.Time order nerve helps in arranging education according to date or a specific time line. In this case, Jone Johnson Lewis did just the same. She used dates to help set up the writing process. On the other hand author Jamie Berke used Topic technique to get his audiences wariness and to inform his audience about Cochlear Implants. write an expository essay using topic technique helps organize information about the subject you chose to write about. In this case, Jamie Berke did the same, by collecting all the information on Cochlear Implants and starting his paper with when they were first introduced.If author Jone Johnson Lewis and Jamie Berke would have decided to used another type of organization technique to write their essay, it top executive not have received as much attention from readers as they would hav e liked to or hoped for.Both essays are similar because they both used evidence and examples. Information was presented in a non-biased manner. These two expository essays are tailored to capture different audiences. Essay on Lucy Stone tries to capture the attention of female audience, and essay on Cochlear Implants tries to capture the attention of people who are hearing impaired.

Effects of Obesity in the United States Navy

When Americans hear the words linked States Sailor what image comes to their minds? Do they see the all American boy standing tall, wearing his make verboten blues uniform with his white hat tilted to the side? Does he look like the boatman on the Cracker Jack box? That use to be the image of the U. S. Sailor back when the Greatest Generation was fighting during World War II. Now, all a person has to do is go online and seek U. S. naval forces Sailor in the search engine and they will find unlimited pictures and videos of crewmans doing every day things as fountainhead as supporting our interests well-nigh the world.With the invention of the World Wide Web, sailors are not only asked to do their jobs at sea but withal be impeccable ambassadors of the American throng on shore. Because of this important part of being a service member, it is imperative that todays sailor resemble that all American boy or girl. While sailors are adults and must become responsibility for their o wn actions, lack of training and attention to dietary health has contributed to many sailors discharge from service delinquent to being out of navy regulated animal(prenominal) standards. The U. S.Navy celebrated its 235th birthday on October 13th 2010, but the way sailors are being formally pronounced physically is only about 35 years old. Operational Navy Instruction, (OPNAVINST) 6110. 1 was implemented on June 16, 1976 from a directive given by the capitulum of Naval Operations (CNO). The stated purpose of this instruction was To implement a physical fitness syllabus for Navy personnel, regular and reserve, that will meet the expect for physical stamina and strength necessary for combat effectiveness and mobilization as directed by Secretary Of The Navy Instruction (SECNAVINST) 6100. (Hodgdon, 1999). In the 6110. 1, the confines obesity was defined as excessive accumulation of fat in the tree trunk manifested by poor muscle tone, flabbiness and folds, bulk out of propo rtionality to body build, dyspnea (difficult or labored breathing), and fatigue upon mild exertion, all of which detracts from military appearance (Hodgdon, 1999). The fitness program that was established from this instruction was nothing much than a modified version of an aerobics program developed by a Dr. Ken Cooper.This aerobics program was a specialise of warm up exercises and basic calisthenics that were used based on a points system. This first physical fitness instruction did not include a physical fitness test. On July 17, 1980, the Navy issued an updated instruction for physical fitness. This instruction was OPNAVINST 6110. 1A which was virtually identical to the original 6110. 1 with the exception of adding a fitness test. This test was implemented to set certain standards that all sailors would have to adhere to as a way for the Navy to track the physical readiness of its sailors.For example, a male age 17-25 had to commit a minimum of 30 sit-ups in two minutes 20 pus h-ups four pull-ups (optional) complete a 1. 5 mile run/walk in 1630 (OPNAVINST 6110. 1A, 1980). On June 29, 1981 Department of Defense (DoD) Directive 1308. 1 was implemented. The biggest difference of this directive was that the Navy implemented a weight control program to add to its physical fitness program. As the Navy started to fine tune its physical testing of its sailors, the chain of command added and subtracted those elements that they believed define a model sailor.On August 7, 1986 OPNAVISNT 6110. 1C was issued navy wide (Hodgdon, 1999). There were some(prenominal) major changes to the 6110. 1. One of the more severe changes was that all Navy personnel were required to take the tangible Readiness Test (PRT) twice a year. Another change was a health risk screening that needed to be done before a sailor was allowed to participate in the PRT. Yet another change was that the body fat assessment was to be separated from the PRT and was to be conducted as an individual asses sment. under this instruction a current technique and new standards for measuring body fat was established.One of the most important changes that came from this instruction was that new consequences for failing the body fat were established. Under the new standard body fat assessment, if a sailor was diagnosed as obese they were not allowed to participate in the PRT until cleared by the medical staff. If the sailor was diagnosed as obese consecutively in a 16 month period they were to be screened for separation from active duty. It is because of these changes in how the Navy Chain of Command viewed its sailors, that the sailor themselves had to re-evaluate how they handled their careers. Before the implementation of the 6110. series instructions, all a sailor had to do to be viewed as outstanding was make current that they were the subject matter experts in their field. This meant reporting for duty early, studying all of the rate training manuals, and following the orders of the ir superiors. The only physical standard that a sailor had to maintain was be able to complete their duties in an exemplary manner and be able to get through a hatch on a ship to fight a fire if need be. They were not considered a bad sailor, or not good at their job, simply because they filled out their uniform a little bit more than the guy standing next to them.When it was time to take their rate improvement exam they did not evaluate what that sailor looked like in their uniform, the chain of command just wanted to make sure that the sailor was knowledgeable about his/her job. These days, to be eligible for advancement you not only need to know your job better than the other sailor, you also need to look better than him too. Before the implementation of these new guidelines, a sailors evaluation marks were issued based on job performance. With the changes in the physical fitness instruction come changes in the evaluation action as well.Now if you fail a Physical Fitness Assess ment (PFA), it has to be marked and documented on your annual evaluation. Because of the ever changing rules and regulations of the physical fitness standards of the Navy, the Department of the Navy (DON) is now implementing more formal training geared toward nutrition and weight control. With this training, sailors are being taught that there are several benefits to a balanced diet. They are being trained that a healthy diet does not just improve their physical health but it also contributes to their mental health.Sailors now have the tools they need to start and maintain these healthy eating habits. The Navy Nutrition and Weight Control Self-Study Guide is the Navys principal tool that enables service members to improve their health and fitness (Cox, 1996). This guide is being issued to all personnel who are enrolled in the Fitness Enhancement broadcast (FEP). This program is a mandatory program for those sailors who fail any portion of a PFA. This program is also open to any sail or who wants to learn how to take care of their bodies in a healthy way.With this new mindset of training sailors to take care of their bodies for health reasons and not just to look like the sailor on the Cracker Jacks box, more sailors are taking this knowledge with them after they transition from military life to civilian life. There is a new standard now for being a sailor. In the past it was all about going out to the bars with your shipmates and having a good time. With the current rate of operations, a sailor must be ready physically, as well as mentally, to answer Americas call wherever they are needed. The Navy is no longer turning a blind eye to sailors being out of physical standards.If sailors cannot balance a healthy lifestyle as well as train for their jobs, they may be the ones standing on the pier waving good bye to their ex-shipmates. References Chief of Naval Operations (OP-09) (1908). Physical Fitness. power of the Chief of Naval Operations Instruction 6110. 1A. Washington, DC Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. 17 July. Cox, L. (1996). NAVY Nutrition and Weight Control Self-Study Guide. Washington, DC United States Navy. Hodgdon, Ph. D. , J. A. (1999, August 18). A History of the U. S. Navy Physical Readiness Program from 1976 to 1999. Human Performance Department Naval Health Research Center.